You are here

Sigara içen bireylerde egzersizin oksidatif stresi azaltmadaki etkisi

The effect of exercise on reducing oxidative stress in cigarette smokers

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Keywords (Original Language):

Abstract (2. Language): 
Smoking and exercise both induce oxidative stress. Studies that investigate the effects of exercise on oxidative stress have generally focused on non smokers and healthy people that do not use any medicine and medical supplements. However, there are many people who do exercise regularly with different fitness level and smoke cigarette at the same time. There are limited numbers of studies that have measured oxidative stress markers in response to acute and chronic exercise in cigarette smokers. In this context, the effects of exercise on oxidative stress in cigarette smokers were compiled in this review. The results of limited data show that acute exercise exacerbates oxidative stress responses in sedentary cigarette smokers. Because of having low antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation level is higher and oxidative stress damage is bigger in smokers. In addition, recent studies suggest that regular long term exercise may reduce the potential damage of cigarette by up–regulating antioxidant defense system. It has been showed that people who exercise regularly (6 times or more per week) have lower lipid peroxidation level. Furthermore, training intensity and training volume should be enough to activate antioxidant defense system and to increase the levels of antioxidant enzymes.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Sigara ve egzersiz oksidatif strese neden olan iki önemli uyarandır. Egzersizin oksidatif strese etkisini inceleyen araştırmalar genellikle sigara içmeyen, antioksidan etkili ilaç kullanmayan ve metabolik hastalığı olmayan sağlıklı bireyler üzerinde odaklanmıştır. Ancak sigara içen ve aynı zamanda düzenli egzersiz yapan, farklı fiziksel uygunluk düzeyine sahip bireylerin sayısı da oldukça fazladır. Akut ve/veya kronik egzersizin sigara içen bireylerde oksidatif stresi nasıl etkilediği ile ilgili çalışma sayısı azdır. Bu kapsamda, sigara içen bireylerde egzersizin oksidatif strese etkisini inceleyen çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Sınırlı sayıdaki çalışma sonuçları akut egzersiz sonrasında oluşan oksidatif stres cevaplarının sigara içen sedanter bireylerde daha şiddetli olduğunu göstermektedir. Düşük antioksidan kapasiteye sahip olmalarından dolayı sigara içen bireylerde lipit peroksidasyon seviyesi daha yüksek ve oksidatif stres hasarı daha fazladır. Bunun yanı sıra son çalışmalar düzenli yapılan uzun süreli egzersizlerin antioksidan savunma sistemini yeniden düzenleyerek sigaranın olası zararlarını azaltacağını düşündürmektedir. Haftada 6 kez veya daha sık egzersiz yapan bireylerde dinlenim durumunda lipit peroksidasyon seviyesinin düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte antrenman şiddetinin ve antrenman kapsamının antioksidan savunma sisteminde adaptasyon, diğer bir değişle antioksidan enzim seviyesinde artış oluşturacak yeterli düzeyde olması gerekmektedir.
45-50

REFERENCES

References: 

1. Ceylan E, Yanık M, Gencer M. Harran Üniversitesi’ne
kayıt yaptıran öğrencilerin sigaraya karşı tutumlarını
etkileyen faktörler. Toraks dergisi 2005; 6(2): 144–
150.
2. Doğan YB. Bağımlılık kavram ve anlayışı. Dilbaz
HN (editör). Alkol ve Alkol Dışı Madde Bağımlılığı.
Ankara, 1998:1–8.
3. Keskinoğlu P, Karakuş N, Pıçakçıefe M, ve ark.
İzmir’de lise öğrencilerinde sigara içme sıklığı ve
içicilik davranışı üzerine sosyal öğrenmenin etkisi.
Toraks dergisi 2006; 7(3): 190–195.
4. Yakiwchuk CA, Stasiuk H, Wiltshire W, et al. Tobacco
use among young North American Aboriginal
athletes. J Can Dent Assoc 2005; 71(6):403.
5. Primack BA, Fertman CI, Rice KR, et al. Waterpipe
and cigarette smoking among college athletes in the United States. J Adolesc Health 2010; 46(1): 45–51.
6. Yusko DA, Buckman JF, White HR, et al. Alcohol,
tobacco, illicit drugs, and performance enhancers:
A comparison of use by college student athletes and
nonathelets. J Am Coll Health 2008; 57 (3): 281–290.
7. Pekşen Y. Sigara içiminin nedenleri, epidemiyolojisi,
pasif içicilik. Tür A (editör). Sigaranın Sağlığa
Etkileri ve Bırakma Yöntemleri. Samsun: Logos
Yayıncılık; 1995: 1–28.
8. Alberg AJ. The influence of cigarette smoking
on circulating concentrations of antioxidant
micronutrients. Toxicology 2002; 180: 121–137.
9. Groussard C, Rannou–Bekono F, Machefer G, et al.
Changes in blood lipid peroxidation markers and
antioxidants after a single sprint anaerobic exercise.
Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89(1): 14–20.
10. Bloomer RJ, Goldfarb AH, Wideman L, et al. Effects
of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on blood
markers of oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res
2005; 19(2): 276 – 285.
11. Dixon CB, Robertson RJ, Goss FL, et al. The effect of
acute resistance exercise on serum malondialdehyde
in resistance–trained and untrained collegiate men. J
Strength Cond Res 2006; 20(3): 693–698.
12. Bloomer RJ, Fry AC, Falvo MJ, et al. Protein
carbonyls are acutely elevated following single set
anaerobic exercise in resistance trained men. J Sci
Med Sport 2007; 10: 411 – 417.
13. Goldfarb AH, Garten RS, Chee PD, et al. Resistance
exercise effects on blood glutathione status and
plasma protein carbonyls: influence of partial
vascular occlusion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 104(5):
813–819.
14. Çakır–Atabek H, Demir S, Pınarbaşılı RD, et al.
Effects of different resistance training intensity on
indices of oxidative stress. J Strength Cond Res 2010;
24(9): 2491–2497.
15. Bloomer RJ, Creasy AK, Smith WA. Physical work–
induced oxidative stress is exacerbated in young
cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2007; 9(2):
205–211.
16. Gochman E, Reznick AZ, Avizohar O, et al.
Exhaustive exercise modifies oxidative stress in
smoking subjects. Am J Med Sci 2007; 333(6): 346–
356.
17. Sözmen EY, Radikal kavramı ve oksijen radikalleri.
Onat T, Emerk K, Sözmen EY (Editör). İnsan
Biyokimyası, Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık, 2002: 666–
673.
18. Matsuo M, Kaneko T. The chemistry of reactive
oxygen species and related free radicals, In: Radak
Z. (Editor), Free radicals in exercise and aging, USA:
Human Kinetics, 2000: 1–33.
19. Radak Z, Chung HY, Goto S. Systemic adaptation to
oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free
Radic Biol Med 2008; 44(2): 153–159.
20. Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise
training–induced alterations in skeletal muscle
antioxidant capacity: a brief review. Med Sci Sports
Exerc 1999; 31(7):987–97
21. Packer L. Oxidants, antioxidant nutrient and the
athlete. J Sports Sci 1997; 15(3): 353–363.
22. Bloomer RJ, Goldfarb AH. Anaerobic exercise and
oxidative stress: A review. Can J Appl Physiol 2004;
29(3): 245–263.
23. Inal M, Akyüz F, Turgut A, et al. Effect of aerobic
and anaerobic metabolism on free radical generation
swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 564–567.
24. Bloomer RJ. Decreased blood antioxidant capacity
and increased lipid peroxidation in young cigarette
smokers compared to nonsmokers: Impact of dietary
intake. Nutr J 2007; 6:39.
25. Pryor WA, Stone K. Oxidants in cigarette smoke.
Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and
peroxynitrite. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 686: 12–27.
26. Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of
cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: An
update. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1731–1737.
27. Ho SP, Chan–Yeung M, Chow KKM, et al. Antioxidant
enzyme activities in healthy Chinese adults: influence
of age, gender and smoking. Respiratory 2005; 10:
305–309.
28. Özbay B, Dülger H. Lipid peroxidation and
antioxidant enzymes in Turkish population: Relation
to age, gender, exercise and smoking. Tohoku J Exp
Med 2002; 197: 119–124.
29. Ünlü M, Tahan V, Akkaya A, ve ark. Erişkin sigara
içenlerde plazma lipit peroksidasyonu [plasma lipid
peroxidation ın adult smokers] T Klin J Med Sci
1998; 18: 105–108.
30. Covas MI, Elosua R, Fıto M, et al. Relationship
between physical activity and oxidative stress
biomarkers in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002;
34: 814–819.
31. Çimen F, Ulubaş B, Eryılmaz T, ve ark. Sigara
içenlerde lipid peroksidasyonu, antioksidan aktivite
ve solunum fonksiyon testleri [Lipid peroxidation,
antioxidant activity and pulmonary function test in smokers]. T Klin Tıp Bilimleri 2002; 22: 292–296.
32. Dinçer Y, Saygılı Eİ, Akçay T. Sigaranın DNA hasarı
ve kan glutatyon düzeyi üzerine etkisi [ınfluence of
smoking on DNA damage and blood glutatyon level].
T Klin Tıp Bilimleri 2003; 23: 108–111.
33. Manna I, Jana K, Samanta PK. Intensive swimming
exercise – induced oxidative stress and reproductive
dysfunction in male wistar rats: protective role of
alpha – tocopherol succinate. Can J Appl Physiol
2004; 29(2): 172–185.
34. Radak Z, Asano K, Inoue M, et al. Superoxide
dismutase derivative reduces oxidative damage in
skeletal muscle of rats during exhaustive exercise. J
Appl Physiol 1995; 79(1): 129–135.
35. Clarkson, P.M., Thompson, H.S., Antioxidants: What
role do they play in physical activity and health?, Am
J Clin Nutr 2000; 72(2 suppl): 637–646.
36. Jackson, M.J., Exercise and oxygen radical production
by muscle. In: Handbook of oxidants and antioxidants
in exercise. C.K. Sen, L. Packer, O. Hanninen (Eds.),
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2000: 57–68.
37. Cuevas, M.J., Almar, M., García–Glez, J.C.,
García–López, D., De Paz, J.A., Alvear–Ordenes, I.,
González–Gallego, J., Changes in oxidative stress
markers and NF–kappaB activation induced by sprint
exercise, Free Radic. Res 2005; 39(4): 431–439.
38. Quindry, J. C., Stone, W. L., King, J. and Broeder, C.
E. The effects of acute exercise on neutrophils and
plasma oxidative stress, Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;
35(7): 1139–1145.
39. Marzatico F, Pansarasa O, Bertorelli L, et al.
Blood free radical antioxidant enzymes and lipid
peroxides following long–distance and lactacidemic
performances in highly trained aerobic and sprint
athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1997; 37(4):
235–239.
40. McBride JM, Kraemer WJ, Triplett–McBride T,
et al. Effect of resistance exercise on free radical
production. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 67–72.
41. Hoffman JR, Im J, Kang J, et al. Comparison of
low– and high–intensity resistance exercise on lipid
peroxidation: Role of muscle oxygenation. J Strength
Cond Res 2007; 21(1): 118–122.
42. Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Villiotou V, et al. Oxidative
stress responses in older men during endurance
training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;
36(12): 2065–2072.
43. Kostaropoulos IA, Nikolaidis MG, Jamurtas AZ, et
al. Comparison of the blood redox status between
long distance and short distance runners. Physiol Res
2006; 55(6): 611–616.
44. Elosua R, Molina L, Fito M, et al. Response of
oxidative stress biomarkers to a 16–week aerobic
physical activity program, and to acute physical
activity, in healthy young men and women.
Atherosclerosis 2003; 167(2): 327–334.
45. Sakano N, Wang DH, Takahashi N, et al. Oxidative
stress biomarkers and lifestyles in Japanese healthy
people. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 44(2): 185 – 195.
46. Surmen–Gur E, Ozturk E, Gur H, et al. Effect
of vitamin E supplementation on post–exercise
plasma lipid peroxidation and blood antioxidant
status in smokers: With special reference to
haemoconcentration effect. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup
Physiol 1999; 79: 472–478.
47. Jenkins RR. Exercise and oxidative stress
methodology: A critique. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:
670–674.
48. Leelarungrayub D, Pratanaphon S, Pothongsunun P,
et al. Vernonia cinerea Less. supplementation and
strenuous exercise reduce smoking rate: relation to
oxidative stress status and beta–endorphin release in
active smokers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7: 21
49. Akova B, Surmen–Gur E, Gur H, et al. Exercise–
induced oxidative stress and muscle performance in
healthy women: Role of vitamin E supplementation
and endogenous oestradiol. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001;
84:141–147.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com