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SAĞLIK TESİSLERİNDE GÜRÜLTÜ ETMENLERİ: TÜRKİYE’DEKİ HASTANELERDEN ÖRNEKLEMELER

NOISE FACTORS IN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES: A SURVEY OF HOSPITALS IN TURKEY

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DOI: 
10.4305
Author NameUniversity of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
This paper investigates a number of healthcare centers in Turkey namely Hacettepe University, Gazi University, Zonguldak Karaelmas University Medical Schools and State Hospitals, Baskent University Medical School and Private Research Hospitals, and the Safranbolu State Hospital. The sound levels present in these centers were compared with number international as well as Turkish standards (1-4) . Research was carried out in the following way: Firstly physicians and nurses were surveyed by means of a questionnaire. Then, the hospital buildings were examined in terms of their architectural design features. Lastly, sound levels were measured in the consequent spaces where questionnaires were also conducted. A similar survey made in Johns Hopkins Hospital (5) back in 2005 had revealed that surgery patients in recovery were found to require additional medications due to sound levels being high Minckley (6) (over 60 dB at re 20 μPa). No significant difference was observed in terms of staff performance with or without the presence of sound. In another research, Murthy et al found that speech efficiency and short-term memory declined in the presence of typical operating-room noise among anesthetists (7). He also found that speech recognition declined by 23% and speech thresholds were increased roughly by 25% for the same level of comprehension -a result with important implications for medical safety. In addition, noise in hospitals can be detrimental as it helps to present their environment as quiet and peaceful. The World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidelines for hospitals in this respect in its Guidelines for Community Noise published in 1995 (4). These guidelines recommend an Lmax of no more than 40 dB (A) (at referenced (re) 20 μPa) at night time measured on the fast mode. They also suggest patient room Leq of no more than 35 dB (A) during the day. ANSI (The American National Standard Institution) (1) S12.2, published in 1995, recommends a maximum Room Criterions Curves (NCC) value ranging from 25 to 40 depending on the room type, and a maximum Noise Criteria Balanced (NCB) value ranging from 25 to 40. A document issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) back in the late 1960s summarizing significant community noise studies provides recommendations in terms of the Ld&n (day-night sound pressure level) not to exceed 45 dB(A) (2). Besides these standards and guidelines, it can be seen that the WHO’s criteria are the most frequently cited in the literature and, thus, this paper also takes the same standards into consideration in its measurements. The Institute of Turkish Standards (TSE) is also working on this subject and the first national standard about ambient noise issued at 1989 Table 11 (with the translation of ISO 140, 1996-1 and 2).
Abstract (Original Language): 
Bu makale, çalışma alanının gürültü seviyesinden kaynaklanan iletişim kaybı nedeni ile çalışmaların etkilendiği sağlık merkezlerinde gürültü seviyesini değerlendirmek ve gürültü seviyesinin aynı zamanda binanın mimari tasarımı ile etkileşimini araştırmayı, elde edilen sonuçlar ile ileride yapılacak çözüm önerisi çalışmalarına ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamını sınırlamak amacı ile beş hastane seçilmiştir. Örnek alınan hastanelerin hem kent hem de yakın ve uzak çevreden gelen hastaları kabul eden hasta kapasitesi yüksek hastaneler olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Devlet ve özel hastanelerden seçilen örneklerden birisi yöre hastanesi görünümünde olmasına karşın konumu nedeni ile çevreden kapasitesi üzerinde hasta kabul eden devlet hastanesi, birisi yine geniş bir bölgeden hasta alan özel üniversite araştırma hastanesi, bir diğeri Karadeniz bölgesi çevresinde geniş bölgeden hasta kabul eden devlet üniversitesi hastanesi, ikisi Ankara merkezinde devlet üniversitesi araştırma hastanesidir. Sonuçlar eşdeğer ses basınç seviyeleri (her alanda 20 noktadan 5’er dakikalık Leq şeklinde olmak üzere), Lmax, Lmin ölçümleri fast ve slow mode olarak alındı. Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nden alınan örnek hastanede elde edilen sonuçların, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO)’nün kabul edilebilir bulduğu seviyelerin üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 24 saatlik ortalama aralıkta ortalama eşdeğer basınç seviyesi Amerikadaki hastanelerde 50-60 dB(A) Türkiye’dekilerde ise 55-75 dB(A) arası olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu seviye aralıkları 30-100dB (düşük mod) ve 50-120 dB (yüksek mode) arasında değiştirerek ölçülmüştür. Spektrum makine seslerinin de değerlendirilebilmesi için 16-8000 Hz. arasında Lmax-Lmin azami için oktav bantlar ve Leq ölçümleri için A-ağırlıklandırma şeklinde ölçülmüştür. Spektrumları çizelgesine göre, düşük frekanslar olan 63-500 Hz oktav bantları içinde genellikle düzdür, 500-4000 Hz artış göstermekte, 4000 Hz. üzeri insan sesi seviyesi üzerindeki frekanslarda ses basınç seviyeleri düşmektedir. Son altı yıldır alınan ölçümlerden oluşturulan grafikler geceleri ortam ses seviyelerinin belirgin biçimde düştüğünü, gündüzleri ise ulusal ve uluslararası standartların çok üstünde olduğunu göstermektedir. Ölçüm sonuçlarında elde edilen kabul edilebilir ses seviyesinden yüksek sonuçların kullanıcılar üzerindeki etkileri hastanelerde yapılan anketler ile de desteklenmiştir.
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