You are here

Gıda Lezzet Araştırmalarında Terminoloji ve Analitik Yaklaşımlar

Terminology and Analytical Approaches in Food Flavor Research

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Abstract (2. Language): 
The eating quality of a food product, which includes aroma (odor), taste, and texture along with nutritional value, price, and ethnic habits of consumers, is an essential factor in determining the product acceptance and preference in the marketplace. One of the first responses of consumers to a specific food is whether its flavor is liked or disliked. Obviously, if a consumer does not like the flavor of the product, he or she probably will not purchase the product regardless of its price and nutritional value. In other words, an appetizing food is frequently distinguished by its flavor characteristics. Although the term flavor has been given different meanings throughout the literature, it can be defined as the interaction of taste, odor, and textural feelings that provides an overall sensation when a particular food material is consumed. The noses and tongues were the only tools to analyze flavors until recently (sensory analysis). Today, although these human instruments continue to provide the last words on flavor compounds and their impact, the routine availability of purge and trap devices, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies has enabled flavor researchers to achieve isolation, concentration, separation, and identification at unprecedented resolutions and sensitivities. The developments have been mainly observed in the fields of sampling, including volatile isolation and concentration, and separation and characterization of volatiles in foods.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Bir gıda maddesinin tüketim kalitesini arama (koku), tad, tekstür (yapı), besleyici değer, fiyat ve bölgesel tüketici tercihi belirlediği için, bir gıdanın piyasada kabul görmesinde onun tüketim kalitesi temel faktördür. Tüketicilerin herhangi bir gıdaya karşı ilk tepkilerinden biri gıdanın lezzetinin beğenilip-beğeniimediği şeklindedir. Eğer tüketici gıdanın lezzetini beğenmemişse, gıdanın fiyatı ve besleyici değerine bakmaksızın almaktan vazgeçecektir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, iştah açıcı bir gıdayı o gıdanın lezzeti belirler Literatürde lezzet terimi değişik anlamlarda kullanılmasına rağmen; gıdanın tüketimi sırasında tat. koku ve tekstür özelliklerinin etkileşimi sonucu bıraktığı his şeklinde tarumlanabilir. Yakın zamana kadar burun ve dil yardımıyla gıdalarda lezzet analizi (duyusal analiz) tek yaklaşımdı. Günümüzde, insan organları gıdalarda lezzet maddelerinin tanımlanması ve etkilerinin değerlendirilmesinde hala son sözü söylemesine rağmen, purge-trap cihazı, gaz kromatografisi, kütle spektrometresi ve infrared ve NMR spektroskopilerinin rutin olarak kullanımı, lezzet maddelerinin iyi bir duyarlık ve çözünürlükte izolasyonu, konsantre edilmesi, ayrılması ve tanımlanmasını sağlamıştır. Bu alandaki gelişmeler özellikle gıdalardan lezzet maddelerinin örneklenmesi, ayrılması ve tanımlanmasında görülmektedir.
31-36

REFERENCES

References: 

Acree, T.E., Barnard, J., and Cunningham, D.G. 1984. A procedure for the sensory analysis of gas chromatographic effluents. Food Chem. 14:273-286.
Amato. I. 1988. The anatomy of flavor. Analytical Chem. 60:924A-929A.
Amoore, J.E. 1964. Current status of the stearic theory of
odor. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 11:457-476. Anonymous. 1993. IRD System Handbook. Hewlett- Packard
Co., Palo Alto, CA. Beets, M.E.J. 1964. A Molecular Approach to Olfaction. In:
Molecular Pharmacology, Vol. II. E.J. Ariens. ed.
Academic Press, New York, NY. Belitz, H.D. and Grosch, W. 1987. Food Chemistry. Springer
Verlag. New York, NY. Boudreau, .T.C.. Oravec. J.. Hoang, N.K.. and White, T.D.
1979. Taste and the taste of foods. Pages 1-32 in: Food
Taste Chemistry. J.C. BOUDREAU, ed. ACS
Symposium Series 115. American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC. Cardello, A.V. 1996. Role of human senses in food behavior:
IV. Smell. Cereal Foods World. 41:884-886. Carr. J., Baloga, D., Guinard, J., Lawter, L., Marty, C, and
Squire, C. 1996. The effect of gelling agent type and
concentration on flavor release in model systems. Pages
98-108 in: Flavor-Food Interactions. R.J. McGorrin and
J.V. Leland, eds. ACS Symposium Series 633.
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. • Caul, I.F. 1966. The nature of flavor. Cereal Sci. Today.
12:273-281.
Chang, C.Y., Seitz, L.M., and Chambers Iv, E. 1995. Volatile flavor components of breads made from hard red winter wheat and hard white winter wheat. Cereal Chem. 72:237-242.
Charalambous, G. 1978. introduction. In: Analysis of Foods
and Beverages. G. Charalambous, ed. Academic Press,
New York, NY. Chastrette, M. and Zakarya, D. 1991. Molecular structure of
smell. Pages 77-92 in: The Human Sense of Smell.
D.G. Laing, R.L. Doty, and W. BreipohL eds. Springer
Verlag, New York, NY. Chen, C.Y., Kuo, M.C., Hwang, L.S., Wu, J.S.B., and Wu,
CM. 1982. Headspace components of passion fruit
juice. J. Agr. Food Chem. 30:1211-1213. Chnstensen. CM. 1977. Texture-taste interactions. Cereal
Foods World. 22:243-244 and 256. DeMon. J.M. 1980. Flavor. Pages 227-274 in: Principles of
Food Chemistry. The AVI Publications Co., Westport,
CT.
Dickes, G.J. and Nicholas, P.V. 1976. Practical aspect of gas chromatography. Pages 3-101 in: Gas Chromatography in Food Analysis. Butterworth (Publishers) Inc., Boston, MA.
Fischer, N. and Eijk, TV. 1996. Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry as a tool for measuring flavor-food ingredient interactions in model systems. Pages 164¬178 in: Flavor-Food Interactions. R.J. McGorrin and J.V. Leland, eds. ACS Symposium Series 633. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Godshall, M.A. and Solms, J. 1992. Flavor and sweetener interactions with starch. Food Tech. 46:140-145.
Govindarajan, V.S. 1979. Pungency: The stimuli and their evaluation. Pages 53-92 in: Food Taste Chemistry. J.C BOUDREAU, ed. ACS Symposium Series 115. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
Grosch, W. and Schieberle, P. 1997. Flavor of cereal products- A review. Cereal Chem. 74:91-97.
Hall, R.L. 1968. Food flavors: Benefits and problems. Food
Tech. 22:1388-1392. Harrigan, K.A. 1997. Particle size analysis using automated
image analysis. Cereal Foods World. 42:30-35. Hirschfeld, T. and Stark, E.W. 1984. Near-Infrared
reflectance analysis of foodstuffs. Pages 505-551 in:
Analysis of Foods and Beverages. G. Charalambous.
ed. Academic Press, New York, NY. Lamkin, W.M., Unruh, N.C, and Pomeranz, Y. 1986. Gas-
chromatographic determination of low concentrations
of propionic acid in grain sorghum. Cereal Chem.
63:372-375.
McGrory, JA. and Dirks, B.M. 1966. Perspectives on the flavor experience. Cereal Sci. Today. 11:462-504.
Morris, E.R. 1987. Organoleptic properties of food polysaccharides in thickened systems. Pages 225-238 in: Industrial Poly-saccharides. M. Yalpani, ed. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Moskowitz, H. 1977. How we evaluate foods sensorially. Pages 32-41 in: Sensorische Erfassung und Beurteilung von Lebensmitteln, O. Raunhardt and F. Escher, eds. Foster Verlag, Zurich, Germany.
Penton, Z. 1996. Flavor volatiles in a fruit beverage with automated SPME. Food Testing & Analysis. June-July:16-18.
Pomeranz, Y. and Meloan, CE. 1994. Mass spectroscopy.
Pages 243-261 in: Food Analysis: Theory and Practice.
3ld ed. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY." Ramirez, I. 1991. Chemoreception for an insoluble
nonvolatile substance: Starch taste. American J.
Physiology. 260:R192-R199. Reineccius, G.A. 1994. Gas Chromatography. Pages 434-456
in: Introduction to the Chemical Analysis of Foods. S.S.
Nielsen, ed. Jones and Barflett Publishers. Inc.. Boston.
MA.
Risen, S.J. and Ma, Y.M. 1989. Influence of nonvolatile compounds on coffee flavor. Pages 302-309 in: Thermal Generation of Aromas. M.J. Comstock, ed. ACS Symposium Series 409. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
Sanders, R.A. 1984. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the field of foods and beverages. Pages 553-583 in: Analysis of Food and Beverages. G. Charalambous, ed. Academic Press. New York, NY.
Seitz, L.M. 1995. Volatile compounds in wheat cultivars from several locations in Kansas. Pages 2183-2203 in: Food Flavors: Generation, Analysis, and Process Influence. G. Charalambous, ed. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ullrich, F. and Groch, W. 1987. Identification of the most intense volatile flavour compounds formed during autoxidation of linoleic acid. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 184:277-282.
Vickers, Z. 1977. Structural and mechanical indication of flavor quality. Pages 45-50 in: Flavor Quality: Objective Measurements. R.A. Scanlan, ed. ACS Symposium Series 51, American Chemical Society. Washington, DC.
Wehling, R.L. 1994. Infrared spectroscopy. Page 341-351 in: Introduction to the Chemical Analysis of Foods. S.S. Nielsen, ed. Jones and Barflett Publishers, Inc.. Boston, MA.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com