You are here

PHILLIPS EĞRİSİ : ENFLASYON-İŞSİZLİK DEĞİŞ-TOKUŞU TEORİK BİR İNCELEME

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Author NameUniversity of AuthorFaculty of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
The Inflation-unemployment trade-off shown by the Phillips curve being originally the product of an empirical study of A.W.H. Phillips in 1958, is accepted as one of the essential principles of economics. Today, there is a broad consensus among economists on the fact that there is not a long-term relationship between inflation and unemployment but a short-term relationship exists. It is not possible to understand the business cycles, and in particular the short-term effects of monetary policy, unless we accept the existence of a short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment. Because the inflation-unemployment trade-off is, at its heart, a statement about the effects of moetary policy; it is the claim that changes in monetary policy push these two variables in opposite directions. There is a long tradition suggesting that such a trade-off exists and that it holds only in the short-term. In his 1752 essay ‘Of Money’, David Hume wrote that a monetary expansion first increases output and employment, and later increases the price level. Thus, it has been understood well centuries before that the relationship between inflation and unemployment is a basic element of business cycle theory. There is now a broad consensus that Hume was right: Monetary policy effects both nominal variables such as inflation and real variables such as unemployment; that is, money is not neutral in the short-term. On the other hand, the trade-off remains mysterious since the economists could not produce a satisfactory theory yet to explain it. In this study, we are dealing with the theories explaining the Phillips curve and inflation-unemployment trade-off. For this reason, the basic articles and models on the Phillips curve, inflation-unemployment trade-off and natural rate hypothesis are being analyzed. In this context, the original Phillips curve; the adaptive expectations augmented Phillips curve models of Friedman and Phelps; the rational expectations augmented Phillips curve models with the imperfect knowledge assumption of Lucas; and the approaches of new Keynesians based on nominal rigidities are being studied.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Orijinal olarak, A.W.H. Phillips tarafından, 1958 yılında yapılan ampirik bir çalışmanın ürünü olan Phillips eğrisi’nin gösterdiği enflasyon-işsizlik değiş-tokuşu (trade-off), iktisadın en temel ilkeleri arasında kabul edilmektedir. Günümüzde, iktisatçılar arasında, enflasyon ve işsizlik arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin bulunmadığı; fakat kısa dönemli bir ilişkinin var olduğu konusunda geniş bir uzlaşma mevcuttur. Enflasyon ve işsizlik arasında kısa-dönemli bir değiş-tokuşun varlığı kabul edilmedikçe, iş çevrimlerini ve özellikle, para politikasının kısa-dönemli etkilerini anlayabilmek olanaklı değildir. Çünkü enflasyon-işsizlik değiş-tokuşu, özünde, para politikasının etkilerine ilişkin bir açıklamadır; para politikasındaki değişikliklerin, bu iki değişkeni zıt yönlere ittiğine dair bir iddiadır. Böyle bir değiş-tokuşun varlığı ve sadece kısa-dönemde geçerli olduğu, çok uzun bir geleneğe dayanmaktadır. David Hume, 1752 yılında yazdığı “Of Money” başlıklı makalesinde, parasal bir genişlemenin önce üretim ve istihdamı, daha sonra da fiyat düzeyini artırdığını yazmaktadır. Böylece, enflasyon-işsizlik arasındaki ilişkinin, iş çevrimi teorisinin temel bir unsuru olduğu gerçeği yüzyıllar önce anlaşılmıştır. Günümüzde, Hume’un haklılığı konusunda geniş bir uzlaşma mevcuttur: Para politikası, hem enflasyon gibi nominal değişkenleri hem de işsizlik gibi reel değişkenleri etkilemektedir; yani kısa dönemde para yansız (neutral) değildir. Diğer taraftan, henüz iktisatçılar, bu ilişkiyi açıklayan tatmin edici bir teori üretemediği için söz konusu değiş-tokuş “gizem” ini korumaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Phillips eğrisi ile enflasyon-işsizlik değiş-tokuşunu açıklayan teoriler ele alınmaktadır. Bu amaçla, Phillips eğrisi, enflasyon-işsizlik değiş-tokuşu ve doğal oran hipotezi konusundaki temel makaleler ve oluşturulan modeller analiz edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, orijinal Phillips eğrisi; Friedman ve Phelps’in adaptif beklentiler ilave edilmiş Phillips eğrisi modelleri; Lucas’ın, rasyonel beklentiler ilave edilmiş, eksik bilgi varsayımına dayanan modelleri ile yeni Keynesyenlerin, nominal rijitliklere dayanan yaklaşımları incelenmektedir.
FULL TEXT (PDF): 
99-151

REFERENCES

References: 

Akerlof, George A. ve Janet L. Yellen (1985) : “A Near-Rational Model
of the Business Cycle, with Wage and Price Inertia”, The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, Vol. 100, Supplement, s. 823-838.
Ball, Laurence ve N.Gregory Mankiw (2002) : “The NAIRU in Theory
and Practice”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 16, No : 4, Autumn,
s. 115-136.
Ball, Laurence, N.Gregory Mankiw ve David Romer (1988) : “The New
Keynesian Economics and the Output-Inflation Trade-Off ”, Brookings
Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 19, No: 1, s. 1-65.
Ball, Laurence ve David Romer (1990) : “Real Rigidities and the Nonneutrality
of Money”, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 57, April, s. 183-203.
Blanchard, Olivier Jean ve Nobuhiro Kiyotaki (1987) : “Monopolistic
Competition and the Effects of Aggregate Demand”, American Economic
Review, Vol. 77, September, s. 647-666.
Blanchard, O.J. ve Summers, L.H. (1987) : “Hysteresis in Unemployment”
in New Keynesian Economics , Vol. 2, Ed. by G. Mankiw ve D.
Romer, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1991, s. 235-247.
148
Phillips Eğrisi: Enflasyon-İşsizlik Değiş-Tokuşu Teorik Bir İnceleme
Blanchard, O.J. ve Summers, L.H. (1988) : “Beyond the Natural Rate
Hypothesis”, American Economic Review, Vol. 78, No: 2, May, s. 182-187.
Calvo, Guillermo A. (1983). “Staggered Prices in a Utility Maximizing
Framework”, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 12, September, s.
383-98.
Caplin, Andrew S. ve Daniel F. Spulber (1987) : “Menu Costs and the
Neutrality of Money”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 102,
No: 4, November, s. 703-726.
Fischer, Stanley (1977) : “Long-Term Contracts, Rational Expectations,
and the Optimal Money Supply Rule”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.
85, No : 1, February, s. 191-205.
Friedman, M. (1968) : “The Role of Monetary Policy”, American Economic
Review, Vol.58, No: 1, March, s. 1-17.
Friedman, M. (1977) : “Nobel Lecture : Inflation and Unemployment”,
Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85, No : 3, June, s. 451-472.
Galbraith, J. (1997) : “Time to Ditch the NAIRU”, Journal of Economic
Perspectives, Vol. 11, No : 1, Winter, s. 93-108.
Gordon, R.J. (1990) : “What is New-Keynesian Economics”, Journal
of Economic Literature, Vol. 28, September, s. 1115-1171.
Hargreaves-Heap, S.P. (1992) : The New Keynesian Economics : Time,
Belief and Social Interdependence, Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
Hume, David (1752) : “Of Money”, http://www.csus.edu/indiv/c/
chalmersk/ECON%20101/HumeOfMoney.pdf
Keynes, J.M. (1936) : The General Theory of Employment, Interest
and Money, London, Macmillan.
Leeson, R. (1994) : “A. W. H. Phillips, Inflationary Expectations and
the Operating Characteristics of the Macroeconomy”, Economic Journal,
November, s. 1420-1421.
Leeson, R. (1997a) : “The Trade-off Interpretation of Phillips’s Dynamic
149
Emel AKKUŞ
Stabilisation Exercise”, Economica, 64, February, s. 155-171.
Leeson, R. (1997b) : “The Political Economy of the Inflation–Unemployment
Trade-off ”, History of Political Economy 29:1, Spring, s. 117-156.
Lipsey, R.G. (1960) : “The Relation between Unemployment and the
Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1862-1957
: A Further Analysis”, Economica, Vol. 27, No : 105, February, s. 1-31.
Lucas, R.E. Jr. (1972a) : “Expectations and the Neutrality of Money”,
Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 4, No : 2, April, s. 103-124.
Lucas, R.E. Jr. (1972b) : “Econometric Testing of the Natural Rate
Hypothesis”, in The New Classical Macroeconomics (1992), Vol. I, Ed.
by K.D. Hoover, Aldershot, Edward Elgar, s. 123-132.
Lucas, R.E. Jr. (1973) : “Some International Evidence on Output-Inflation
Tradeoffs”, American Economic Review, Vol. LXIII, No : 3, June,
s. 326-334.
Lucas, R.E. Jr. (1976) : “Econometric Policy Evaluation : A Critique”,
in The New Classical Macroeconomics (1992), Vol. II, Ed. by K.D.
Hoover, Aldershot, Edward Elgar, s. 3-30.
Lucas, R.E. Jr (1996) : “Nobel Lecture: Monetary Neutrality”, Journal
of Political Economy, Vol. 104, No : 4, August, s. 661-682.
Lucas, R.E. Jr. ve Rapping L.A. (1969) : “Real Wages, Employment
and Inflation”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 77, No : 5, October,
s. 721-754.
Lucas, R.E. Jr. ve Sargent, T.J. (1979) : “After Keynesian Economics”,
in Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice (1981), Ed. by R.E.
Lucas ve T.J. Sargent, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, s.
295-319.
Mankiw, N. Gregory (1985) : “Small Menu Costs and Large Business
Cycles : A Macroeconomic Model of Monopoly”, Quarterly Journal of
Economics, Vol. 100, May, s. 529-539.
Mankiw, N.G. (1990) : “A Quick Refresher Course in Macroeconomics”,
150
Phillips Eğrisi: Enflasyon-İşsizlik Değiş-Tokuşu Teorik Bir İnceleme
Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 28, December, s. 1645-1660.
Mankiw, N.G. (2001) : “The Inexorable and Mysterious Trade-off Between
Inflation and Unemployment”, Economic Journal, Vol. 111, No :
471, May, s. 45-61.
Modigliani, F. ve Papademos, L.D. (1975) : “Targets for Monetary Policy”,
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1975, No : 1, s. 141-165.
Muth, J. F. (1961) : “Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements”,
Econometrica, Vol. 29, No : 3, July, s. 315-335.
Phelps, E.S. (1967) : “Phillips Curves, Expectations of Inflation and
Optimal Unemployment Over Time”, Economica, Vol. 34, No : 3, August,
s. 254-281.
Phelps, E.S. (1972) : Inflation Policy and Unemployment Theory: The
Cost-Benefit Approach to Monetary Planning, New York, W.W. Norton.
Phelps, E.S. (1979) : “The ‘Natural Rate’ Controversy and Economic
Theory” in Studies in Macroeconomic Theory : Employment and Inflation,
Vol. 1, New York, Academic Press, s. 97-107.
Phelps, E.S. ve Taylor, J.B. (1977) : “Stabilizing Powers of Monetary
Policy Under Rational Expectations”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol.
85, No:1, February, s. 163-190.
Phillips, A.W. (1958) : “The Relation Between Unemployment and the
Rate of Change of Money Wage Rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957”,
Economica, Vol. 25, No : 2, November, s. 283-299.
Rotemberg, Julio (1982). “Monopolistic Price Adjustment and Aggregate
Output”, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 44, s. 517-31.
Samuelson, P.A. ve Solow, R.M. (1960) : “Analytical Aspects of Anti-
Inflation Policy”, American Economic Review, Vol. 50, No : 2, May, s.
177-194.
Santomero, A.M. ve Seater, J.J. (1978), “The Inflation–Unemployment
Trade-Off: A Critique of the Literature”, Journal of Economic Literature,
Vol. XVI. June, s. 499-544.
151
Emel AKKUŞ
Snowdon, B. ve Vane, H.R. (2005) : Modern Macroeconomics, Its
Origins, Development and Current State, Edward Elgar.
Taylor, John B. (1979) : “Staggered Wage Setting in a Macro Model”,
American Economic Review, Vol. 69, No: 2, May, s. 108-113.
Taylor, John B. (1980). ‘Aggregate Dynamics and Staggered Contracts’,
Journal of Political Economy, vol. 88, s. 1-22.
Tobin, J. (1972), “Inflation and Unemployment”, American Economic
Review, Vol. 62, No:1, March, s.1-18.
Tobin, J. (1980) : “Stabilisation Policy Ten Years After”, Brookings
Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 1980, No : 1, s. 19-89.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com