You are here

ÜLKELER TARAFINDAN UYGULANAN ÇEVRE POLİTİKALARININ ULUSLARARASI DOĞRUDAN YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: KİRLİLİK SIĞINAĞI HİPOTEZİNİN TEST EDİLMESİ

THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IMPLEMENTED BY COUNTRIES ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: TESTING THE POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Author NameUniversity of AuthorFaculty of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
Foreign direct investment is seen as an important capital source, providing development to the host country, also providing new job opportunities and technology transfer, and a complementary of domestic private investment in terms of host countries. However, some dense polluted investments, having cost pressure because of environmental standards applied in their own countries, carry their productions to countries where pollution supervisions are lower. Thus, developing country becomes a pollution haven and environment is damaged substantially as a result of these investments. With this study, the validity of hypothesis, accepted as “pollution haven hypothesis” in literature, is tested in developing countries.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Uluslararası doğrudan yatırımlar (UDY), ev sahibi ülkeler açısından yurtiçi özel yatırımları tamamlayıcı, yeni iş imkânları ile teknoloji transferine yol açan ve ev sahibi ülkede ekonomik büyümeyi sağlayan önemli bir sermaye kaynağı olarak görülmektedir. Ancak kendi ülkelerinde uygulanan çevresel standartlar nedeniyle maliyet baskısı yaşayan kirlilik yoğun bazı yatırımlar, üretimlerini kirlilik kontrollerinin daha düşük olduğu gelişmekte olan ülkelere taşımaktadırlar. Böylelikle gelişmekte olan ülke, bir kirlilik sığınağı haline gelmekte ve çevre, bu yatırımlar neticesinde önemli oranda zarar görmektedir. Bu çalışma ile literatürde “kirlilik sığınağı hipotezi” olarak kabul edilen hipotezin, gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki geçerliliği test edilmektir.
FULL TEXT (PDF): 
181-200

REFERENCES

References: 

- Aktan, C. C. ve Ö. Özkıvrak, Sosyal Refah Devleti, Okutan Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008.
- Alguacil, M. T., A. Cuadros ve V. Orts, “Foreign Direct Investment, Exports and Domestic
Performance in Mexico: A Causality Analysis,” Economics Letters, Cilt 77, 3.
Baskı, Kasım 2002, s. 371-376.
- Aliyu, Mohammed Aminu, “Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment:
Pollution Haven Hypothesis Revisited”, Paper prepared for the Eight Annual Conference
on Global Economic Analysis, Lübeck, Germany, June 9-11, 2005.
- Apergis, N. ve J. E. Payne, “Energy consumption and economic growth in Central
America: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model”, Energy Economics,
31, 2009, s.215.
- Ashoka, M. ve A. P. Murshid, “Growing Up With Capital Flows,” IMF Working Paper
2, 2002.
- Baltagi, Badi H. Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, West Sussex: John Wiley and
Sons, 2005.
- Beck, N. ve J. N. Katz, “Nuisance vs. Substance: Specifying and Estimating Time-
Series Cross-Section Data”, Political Analysis, 6(1): 1996, 1-36.
- Beck, N. ve J. N. Katz, What To Do (and Not To Do) With Time-Series Cross-Section
Data. American Political Science Review, 89(3): 1995, ss.634-647
- Bıçkı, D., “Batı Düşüncesi, Liberal Kapitalizm ve Çevre”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi,
Sayı:2, 2001, http://www.siriner.net/DN/CEVEKON1.pdf , ss.33–42.
- Birdsall, N. ve D. Wheeler, “Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in Latin America:
Where Are the Pollution Havens?”, Journal of Environment and Development, 2, (1),
1993, ss. 137-147.
- Blomstrom, M. ve A. Kokko. “The Economics of Foreign Direct Investment Incentives,”
NBER, Working Paper No. 948, 9. Basım, Şubat 2003.
- Brooks, C., Introductory Econometrics for Finance. Cambridge University Press,
New York, 2008.
- Brown, Tom J. ve A. Peter Dacin. “The Company and the Product: Corporate Associations
and Consumer Product Responses”. Journal of Marketing, 61 (January). 1997.
196 Coşkun KARACA
- Cave, L.A. ve Blomquist, G.C., Environmental policy in the European Union: Fostering
the development of pollution havens? Ecological Economics, 65(2), 2008, ss.
253-261.
- Coase, R.H. “The problem of social cost”, Journal of Law and Economics, 3(1), 1960,
ss.1-44.
- Cole, M.A., R. J. R. Elliott ve P. G. Fredriksson, “Endogenous Pollution Havens: Does
FDI Influence Environmental Regulations?”, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics,
Volume 108, Issue 1, pages 157–178, March 2006
- Copeland, B.R. ve Taylor, M.S., 1994. North-South trade and the environment. The
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(3), 755-87.
- Çoban, A., “Çokuluslu Şirketler – Ekolojik Zarar İlişkisinin Ekonomi –Politiği”, M.C.
Marin ve Uğur Yıldırım (Ed.). Çevre Sorunlarına Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar: Ekolojik, Ekonomik,
Politik ve Yönetsel Perspektifler içinde. İstanbul: Beta, 2004, ss. 273-298.
- Davidson, R. ve MacKinnon, J. G., Econometric Theory and Methods, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1999.
- Dean, J.M., Trade and environment: A survey of the literature. Working Paper No.
966. World Bank, Policy Research Department, 1992.
- Dean, J.M., M.E. Lovely, ve H. Wang, Are foreign investors attracted to weak environment
regulations? Evaluating the evidence from China. Working Paper No. 3505.
World Bank, Policy Research Department, 2005.
- Elizabeth H. C. ve W. T. Ross, “The Influence of Firm Behavior on Purchase Intention:
Do Consumers Really Care About Business Ethics?” Journal of Consumer Marketing,
14 (6), 1997, s. 421-32.
- Ellen, P.S., L.A. Mohr, D.J. Webb, “Charitable Programs and the Retailer: Do they
Mix?” Journal of Retailing, 76 (3), 2000, ss. 393-406.
- Elliot R.J.R. ve K. Shimamoto, “Are ASEAN countries havens for Japanese pollutionintensive
industry”, World Economics, 31(2), 2008, s.236–254
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/fq/
emissions.html
- Erdoğdu, Mustafa. Türkiye’de Sosyal Bütçe ve Gelişimi: Kitap I, Türkiye’de Sosyal
Bütçe: Nasıl Yapılıyor? Nasıl İzlenir? (Ed. Ahmet Buldam), TESEV Yayınları, İstanbul,
2008.
- Eskeland, G. S. ve A. E. Harrison, “Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinationals and
Ülkeler Tarafından Uygulanan Çevre Politikalarının Uluslararası Doğrudan Yatırımlar
Üzerindeki Etkileri: Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi 197
the Pollution Haven Hypothesis”, The World Bank Policy Research, No. 1744, 1997.
- Friedman, Milton, The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,
Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance içinde. Part IV, 2007, ss. 173-178.
- Greene, W. H. Econometric Analysis, 5th Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Pub,
2003.
- Gujarati, Damodar N. Basic Econometrics. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,
1995.
- Güneş, İsmail, “Dışsallıklar Teorisi ve Ağ Dışsallıkları” II. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi
ve Yönetim Kongresi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, İİBF 17-18 Mayıs 2003 Derbent, Kocaeli
Bildiriler Kitabı, s. 117-130
- He, J., Pollution haven hypothesis and environmental impacts of foreign direct investment:
The case of industrial emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in Chinese provinces.
Ecological Economics, 60(1), 2006, ss. 228-245.
- Hettige, Hemamala, Robert E. B. Lucas ve David Wheeler, “The Toxic Intensity of
Industrial Production: Global Patterns, Trends, and Trade Policy”, The American Economic
Review Vol. 82, No. 2, May, 1992, pp. 478-481.
- Hunter, John ve Feng Wu, “Multifactor Consumption Based Asset Pricing Models
Using the US Stock Market as a Reference: Evidence from a Panel of Developed Economies”,
Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 10-17, 2010.
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference
Manual, Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
OECD, IEA, 1997.
- Javorcik Smarzynska, B. ve Wei, S.J., Pollution havens and foreign direct investment:
Dirty secret or popular myth? Contributions to Economic Analysis & Policy, 3(2), 2004,
ss.1244–1244.
- Jayadevappa, R. ve Chhatre, S., 2000. International trade and environmental quality:
A survey. Ecological Economics, 32, 175-194.
- Kahn, Matthew E., “The geography of US pollution intensive trade: evidence from
1958 to 1994”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Volume 33, Issue 4, July 2003,
ss. 383–400.
- Kamps, Annette, “The Euro as Invoicing Currency In International Trade”, Workıng
Paper Series, No 665/August, 2006.
- Keleş, Ruşen, Can Hamamcı ve Aykut Çoban, Çevre Politikası, 6. Baskı, Ankara:
İmge Kitabevi, 2009.
198 Coşkun KARACA
- Kim, HeeMin, G. Bingham Powell ve Richard C. Fording, “Electoral Systems, Party
Systems, and Substantive Representation: An Analysis of Distortion in Western Democracies”,
Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 2006.
- Letchumanan, R. ve F. Kodama, “Reconciling the Conflict Between the Pollutionhaven
Hypothesis and an Emerging Trajectory of International Technology Transfer”,
Research Policy, Vol 29, 2000, ss. 59-79.
- Low, P. ve A. Yeates. “Do ‘Dirty’ Industries Migrate”, (Ed.) P. Low, International
Trade and the Environment içinde, World Bank discussion paper, No. 159, 1992, s.89-90.
- Lucas, R., P. Wheeler ve H. Hettige “Economic Development, Environmental Regulation
and International Migration of Toxic Pollution 1960-1988”, In Low, 1992.
- MacDermott, R., A panel study of the pollution haven hypothesis. Global Economy
Journal, 9(1), 2009, ss.1-12.
- Mani M. ve D. Wheeler, “In Search of Pollution Havens? Dirty Industry in the
World Economy 1960 to 1995”, the Journal of Environment & Development, Vol 7, No
3, 1998, ss. 215-247.
- Mani, M. S. “Environmental Tariffs on Polluting Imports: An Empirical Study,” Environmental
and Resource Economics, 7, 1996, ss.391-411.
- McKee, Brandford. “Amerikan Firmaları Çevre Korumada ilginç Yöntemler Geliştirdi”,
ABD Haberleri, Sayı: 11-12, Ankara, 1992.
- Mutlu, Ayşegül. “Küresel Kamusal Mallar Bağlamında Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Çevre
Kirlenmesi: Üretim, Finansman ve Yönetim Sorunları”, Maliye Dergisi, Sayı 150, Ocak
– Haziran 2006, ss. 53-78.
- Nadaroğlu, Halil, Mahalli İdareler Maliyesi, 4. Baskı, Beta Basın Yayın Dağıtım,
İstanbul, 1989.
- Nadaroğlu, Halil. Mahalli İdareler Teorisi, Ekonomisi, Uygulaması. İstanbul: Beta
Yayınları, 1994.
- Neumayer, E. “Trade and the Environment: A Critical Assesment and Some Suggestions
for Reconcliation”, Journal of Environment & Development, Vol. 9(2), Switzerland,
2000, s.138-139.
- Okuyan, H. A. ve H. M. Taşçı, “Sermaye Yapısının Belirleyicileri: Türkiye’deki En
Büyük 1000 Sanayi İşletmesinde Bir Uygulama”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar,
4 (1), 2010, ss.105-120.
- Önder, Filiz ve Kısmet Akçasoy, Methodology On Greenhouse Gas Emissions Used
Ülkeler Tarafından Uygulanan Çevre Politikalarının Uluslararası Doğrudan Yatırımlar
Üzerindeki Etkileri: Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi 199
By Turkey, 2007, www.unescap.org/stat/envstat/stwes-07.pdf
- Panayotou, T. “Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at
Different Stages of Economic Development”, ILO Technology and Employment Programme
Working Paper, WP238 (Geneva), 1993.
- Perrings, C. “Economy and Environment, A Theoretical Essay on the Interdependence
of Economic and Environmental System”, Cambiridge University Press, 1990.
- Poterba, James M.”Global Warming Policy: A Public Finance Perspective”, Journal
of Economic Perspectives, Vol.7, Number 4, 1993, pp.47-63.
- Romer, Paul M. “Idea Gaps and Object Gaps in Economic Development,” Journal of
Monetary Economics, Elsevier, Cilt 32(3), 1993, ss. 543-573.
- Rudra, N.. ”Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing
World”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 49, No. 4, October, 2005, pp. 704–
730.
- Sen, Sankar ve C.B. Bhattacharya, “Does Doing Good Always Lead to Doing Better?
Consumer Reactions to Corporate Social Responsibility”, Journal of Marketing Research,
Vol. XXXVIII, May 2001.
- Sönmez, Sinan. Kamu Ekonomisi Teorisi: Kamu Harcamalarında Etkinlik Arayışı.
Ankara: Teori Yayınları, 1987.
- Spatareanu, M., Searching for pollution havens: The impact of environmental regulations
on foreign direct investment. The Journal of Environment & Development, 16(2),
2007, ss. 161-182.
- Stalley, Phillip, Foreign Firms, Investment and Environmental Regulation in the
People’s Republic of China, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.
- Tavares, Antonio Fernando F. “State Constraints and Local Environmental Programs:
Solid Waste Management Policy Instrument Choice”, Midwest Political Science Association
meeting in Chicago, April 19-21, 2001.
- Tobey, J., “The Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World
Trade” Kyklos, 43 (2), ss.191-209.
- United Nations, Standard International Trade Classification, Rev.3, United Nations
Statistics Division, 2012, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?cl=14.
- Wheeler D. “Racing to the Bottom? Foreign Investment and Air Pollution in Developing
Countries”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2524, 1999.
200 Coşkun KARACA
- Wheeler, D. ve Moody, A., 1992. International investment location decisions: The
case of US firms. Journal of International Economics, 33, 57-76.
- Xing, Y. ve C. D. Kolstad, “Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment?”,
Environmental and Resource Economics, Volume 21, Number 1, 2002, ss.1-
22.
- Yıldırım, Uğur. Çevre Kirliliğinin Önlenmesinde Vergilendirmenin Rolü Türkiye
Örneği, 9 Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans
Tezi, İzmir, 1992.
- Yılmazer, Mine ve Bernur Açıkgöz Ersoy. “Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi Doğrudan
Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Kamu Politikaları”, Ege Akademik Bakış. Cilt.9 (4), 2009, ss.1441-
1462.
- Zarsky, L., ‘Havens, halos and spaghetti: Untangling the evidence about foreign direct
investment and the environment’, in OECD (ed.), Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment,
OECD, Paris, 1999, ss. 47-7.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com