Classification of The Groundwaters of The Antalya Travertine Plateau by Cluster and Factor Analysis
Journal Name:
- Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi
Keywords (Original Language):
| Author Name | University of Author | Faculty of Author |
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Abstract (2. Language):
The aim of this study is to evaluate the isotopic and chemical composition of the water resources heated in
Antalya Travertine Plateau by using cluster and factor analysis.. Major ions (Ca , Mg ., Na , K » Cf» SO4, HCOs
+CÖ3~)„ electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO),,, CO2, total dissolved solid (TDS), partial CO2 pressure
(PCO2), saturation index (SI) and environmental isotope values of springs and wells have been used to estimate
the similarities and disparities between the water sources.,
The use of muitivariate statistical analyses., which allows evaluation of a large amount of parameters,, is very
helpful in Hydrogeologie analysis of complex groundwater systems. DaUon and Upckurch (1978), Williams
(1982), Steinhorst and Williams (1985), Usunoffand Guzman (1989), Reeve et.al (1996),, Helena et.al. (2000),
and the others have emphasized the potential use of the muitivariate analysis techniques for the hydrochemicai
interpretations of the groundwater systems.
The study area occupies 630 km . The geological structure and the map of the sampling locations are illustrated
on Figure 2., The Antalya. Travertine Plateau has a. stepwise morphology. In the upper step, called, as Upper Plateau, there are many springs discharging from the Mesozoic limestone and the travertine,. The most important
of these springs are the outlets of the Kırkgöz Spring zone discharging from Mesozoic karstic limestone (KGI,
KGM, KGO, KGK, KGP). The average discharge rate of these outlets is 15 m/s. The significant springs discharging
from the Lower Plateau are Düdenbaşı spring (DUD),, Kemerağzı spring (KMÄ), Mağara spring
(MGR), Ârapsuyu spring (ÀRP), and Duraiiler-Oku! spring (DUO). The average discharge rate of the Düdenbaşı
spring is 17 m/s, whereas the averages of the other springs are between 0.5-2.5 m /s. Another important spring
is Hurma spring (HRM) discharging from Antalya Nappes. The other sampling points in the study area are Bıyıklı
(BIY) and Yağca (YGC) swallow-holes at the Upper Plateau, Varsak (VAR) deline, 'Kapuz river (KPN), Meydan
wells (ASO) and the Duraliler pumping station (DUP), at the Lower Plateau. The chemical,, physical and isotopedata
values of these sampling points are given in Table !.. The cluster and factor analysis of the environmental
isotopic and hydrochemical data provides the classification of the water sources of the Antalya Travertine
Plateau in terms of the ionic composition, the saturation levels and the transit time of the waters.
The classification of the standardized isotopic and hydrochemical parameters by cluster analysis is given on
Figure 3, while the classification of the water sources with these parameters is given on Figure 4. The parameters
are grouped in classes representing i) the major ion composition (TDSr EC, Cd - HCOs +CO£~), ii) the
degree of the saturation with respect to carbonate minerals (SI, pH, DO), and Hi) the source and the age of the
water (isotopes, Cl-3 Temp).. Clustering of the water sources results two distinct classes: Upper Plateau groundwaters
and Düdenbaşı springs is located in the same class, while all the other Lower Plateau springs are in the
second class.. The dotinesfed by Kırkgözler Spring and the Kapuzbaşı surface water are out of these classes.
Principal factor analysis provided three principal factors for the processes controlling' the ionic and isotopic
composition. These are the total dissolved solids, the degree of the saturation with respect to carbonate minerals
and the isotopic composition.. These three factors explain the 95% of the total variance of the parameters.. The
correlations of the parameters with the factors are given on Figure 5. The classification with respect to factors
indicated that the Kırgözler and Düdenbaşı springs are characterized by high amount of carbonates,, and highdegree
of the carbonate saturation,, and higher recharge areas. On the contrary, the Lower Plateau springs are
characterized by low amount of carbonates, low saturation levels and lower recharge areas.. The principal factor
analysis also revealed that the outlets of the Kırkgöz springs have different recharge areas and different transit
times..
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Abstract (Original Language):
Antalya Traverten Platosu yeraltısularına. ait kimyasal ve çevresel izotop verileri "kümeleme" ve '"faktör analizi"
istatistiksel yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş ve yeraltısulannın farklılık, ve benzerlikleri, belirlenerek
groplandirilmalari yapılmıştır., Antalya. Traverten Platosu'nda yer alan kaynak ve kuyulardan yağışlı dönemde
belirlenmiş majör iyon (Ca*\ Mg2\, Na+, K+, Cl\ SO**, HCO3-+CO32-), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), pH, sıcaklık (T),
çözünmüş oksijen (DO), OCX toplam çözünmüş madde miktarı (TDS), kısmi karbondioksit basıncı (PCÖ2), doygunluk
indisi (SI) değerleri ile çevresel, izotop içerikleri, kümeleme ve faktör analizi yöntemleri, ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Yapılan, değerlendirmeler sonucunda üç farklı grup belirlenmiştir. Bu gruplar, (1.) Traverten
Platosunun üst: kesiminden çıkan ve uzun geçiş süresine sahip olan. kireçtaşı kaynakları ile alt platoda yer alan
Varsak (VAR)-Düdenbaşı (DUD) sistemi, (2) Traverten Platösu'nun alt kesiminden çıkan ve kısa geçiş zamanına
sahip olan nispeten, genç yeraltısuyu kaynaklan ve (3) yüzey sularından oluşmaktadır. Kümeleme ve faktör
analizi ile yapılan değerlendirmelerin benzer sonuçlar1 verdiği ve: aynı tür gruplamanın her iki yöntem, ile elde
edildiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucu alt traverten platosundan boşalan Düdenbaşı kaynağının,,
bölgede^ daha önce yapılmış hidrojeolojik etüt çalışmasında, belirlenenin aksine, üst platodan boşalan.
Ktrkgöz kaynakları ile aynı grupta olduğu saptanmıştır
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