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İRAN MEŞRUTİYET HAREKETLERİNE RUSYA’NIN BAKIŞI VE MEŞRUTİYET KARŞITLARINA DESTEĞİ

RUSSIA'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE IRANIAN CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION AND ITS SUPPORT OF COUNTER-CONSTITUTIONALISM

Journal Name:

  • The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies

Publication Year:

  • 2013
DOI: 
http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS1148

Key Words:

Keywords (Original Language):

Author NameUniversity of AuthorFaculty of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
Russia was one of the two states that dominated Iran in the beginning of the 20th. century. In 1907, the territory of Iran was divided into three zones among Russia, Britain and the Qajar Dynasty. The northern part of Iran was under the Russian dominance. Due to weakness of the central government, that is the Qajar administration, Russia and Britain had great influences on Iran’s political, economic, and military conditions. In a word, the Qajar Shahs became nominal monarchs of Iran. However, the Constitutional Revolution (Mashrutiyat) that started in 1906 alarmed Russia. Therefore, the Tsarist Russia supported Mohammad Ali Shah and other counter-constitutionalist forces in order to protect her interests. To thwart the Constitutional Revolution, Russian appointed Colonel Vladimir Liakhov as commander of Persian Cossacks Brigade. Liakhov gave an order to shell Majlis-e Melli (The National Assembly). However, in reaction to this, the rebel forces in Tabriz and some other parts of Iran united against Mohammad Ali Shah and his army. Tabriz rebellion took about 8 months. In July 1909, pro-Constitution forces marched from Iran's province of Azerbaijan towards Tehran and deposed the Shah and, consequently, re-established the constitution. Mohammad Ali Shah fled to Odessa, Russia. He plotted his return to power from Odessa. In 1911, with Russian support, he landed in Iran but his forces were finally defeated. Mohammad Ali Shah again fled to Russia. Russia, with the support of Britain invaded Iran in 1911. Based on British archives, Persian, and Turkish sources, this article gives a detailed analysis of the Russian attitude towards the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
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Abstract (Original Language): 
Rusya 20.yüzyılın başlarında İran’da etkili olan iki büyük devletten biriydi. 1907 yılında yapılan Rus-İngiliz Antlaşması’yla İran toprakları Rusya, İngiltere ve Kaçar Hanedanı arasında üç nüfuz bölgesine ayrıldı. Buna göre İran’ın kuzey bölgeleri Rusya’nın nüfuzunda bırakıldı. Kaçar Hanedanlığı’nın zayıflığı Rusya ve İngiltere’nin İran’da siyasî, ekonomik ve askerî alanlarda önemli ölçüde söz sahibi olmalarını sağladı. Bu nedenle 1905 yılında Kaçar Hanedanı’na karşı başlayan meşrutiyet hareketleri Rusya’yı tedirgin etti. Kendi çıkarlarını korumak amacıyla üzerinde nüfuz sahibi olduğu Muhammed Ali Şah’ı desteklemeye başladı. Meşrutiyet hareketlerini önlemek için Rus Albay Vladimir Liakhov’un İran Kazak Tugayları’nın komutanı olarak atanmasını sağladı. Liakhov ise kendine bağlı birliklere emir vererek Haziran 1908’de Meclis-i Millî’yi bombalattı. Bu olay Tebriz başta olmak üzere ülkenin her yanında Muhammed Ali Şah ve Rusya’ya karşı gösterilerin başlamasına neden oldu. Şah’a bağlı ordular Rusya’nın da desteğiyle Tebriz’i sekiz ay süreyle kuşattılar. Tebriz halkının güçlü direnişini kırmak için Nisan 1909’da şehir Ruslar tarafından işgal edildi. Ancak bu durum Muhammed Ali Şah’ın kaderini değiştiremedi ve Temmuz 1909’da tahttan çekilmek zorunda kalarak Rusya’ya bağlı Odessa’ya kaçtı. Bu çalışma, İngiliz arşiv belgeleri ile Farsça ve Türkçe kaynaklar ışığında İran Meşrutiyet Hareketi’ne karşı Rusya’nın politikalarını ele almaktadır.
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  • 4
179-189
  • Turkish

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