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ALTINBOYNUZUN KÖŞESİ: GALATA KURŞUNLU MAHZEN ÜZERİNE MİMARİ BİR İNCELEME

THE CORNER OF THE HORN: AN ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW OF THE LEADED MAGAZINE IN GALATA İSTANBUL

Journal Name:

  • Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi

Publication Year:

  • 2011
DOI: 
10.4305

Key Words:

Keywords (Original Language):

Author NameUniversity of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
“Le Bruyn (…) of the seventeenth century, apologized for introducing a description of this astonishing sight (İstanbul), after the number of relations which other authors had afforded: What must then be the nature of an apology used by an Author, who, at the beginning of the nineteenth, should presume to add one to the number…” (Clarke, 1810, 686) This article is a monograph on the celebrated site known as the Leaded Magazine (Kurşunlu Mahzen) in İstanbul: the former Fort of Galata of the Byzantine Constantinople and the Subterranean Mosque (Yeraltı Cami) of the present-day (1). From a typical early Byzantine defensive structure to a bastion arsenal on the Genoese fortifications, the building functioned as the northern corner of the legendary chain closing off the natural harbour, the Golden Horn. In the Ottoman period, since the site maintained its position as the maritime corner of Galata at the entrance of the port, the edifice was consequently converted to multiple forms and functions: granary, customhouse, imperial kiosk and mosque. Until 1870s the frame of the Byzantine fort had interconnected all these historical layers, however, afterwards that frame was dismantled in parts for the construction of the Offices of Public Health in such a fashion that the totality of the topographical definition became blurred. The mosque founded in the 18th century on the relics of the martyrs from the early Islamic sieges to Constantinople is one of the holiest places in İstanbul; this may partly explain the lack of archaeological work within the site. In such circumstances it is not possible to define with certainty the stratification of the existing traces of the building; however, from Byzantine historians to experts on the Ottoman city, the general tendency for the Leaded Magazine has been to accept the historical continuity of the Byzantine construction through the Ottoman conversions, rather than to suggest complete reconstructions in the successive stages of the site (2). The position of this article is in continuation with this tradition of accepting the Leaded Magazine as a multi-layered structure that can be traced as a continuous space in the original sources. Of the many titles the building had -Fort of Galata, Castle of Holy Cross, Arsenal, Imperial Magazine, Galata customs, etc- “the Leaded Magazine”(Kurşunlu Mahzen) will not only be used as the strong architectural link between the representations of the Byzantine and Ottoman periods but this naming will also be the backbone of the article. Nevertheless, the sections are still defined after the titles and functions of the building in different periods. With the exception of the second section, which is on the present day site, the text follows a chronological order from the early Byzantine period to the late 19th century. There are recent works on Constantinopolis/İstanbul that perfectly illustrate the necessity and value of the review and reinterpretation of the familiar sources in a diachronic manner (3); this article parallels the attempt by reviewing the established canons of the Leaded Magazine. Listing the historical functions of the Leaded Magazine in terms of architectural typology -namely military architecture or architecture of defence; spaces of provisioning and storage; architecture of custom border and surveillance- shows that these are either poorly researched topics or as for the periods that are concerned they are not among the major areas of interest. Nevertheless, all these functions are related, in one way or another, with the history of the urban littoral frontier. The origins of the Leaded Magazine as an early Byzantine Fort -a rectangular enclosure with or without corner towers- is a definite type; however, the conversion of the structure to uses other than the original function defies conventional analysis, where the building has an atypical form or an atypical function. The answer to the question whether the architectural history of the Leaded Magazine is a proof for the autonomy of the architectural form is underlined in the concluding part. However, here it should be said that there have been practical and symbolic factors behind the transformations: the fort, the undercroft, the bridgehead, the arsenal, the granary, the customhouse, the quarantine and even the mosque.
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Abstract (Original Language): 
Altınboynuz olarak da bilinen Haliç’in, kuzeydoğu köşesini tarifleyen çok katmanlı bir anıt İstanbul’un kentsel kıyı bölgesinin mimarlık tarihini Bizans’tan Osmanlı’ya uzanan bir kesitte ilişiklendirir: Galata Hisarı; Haliç zincirinin bağlantı noktası; Yeraltı Camisi; ve Kurşunlu Mahzen. Mekanının tarihi önemiyle koşut olarak, bu çok isimli ve işlevli yapıya özgün ve ikincil kaynaklarda, gerek tekil gerekse de başka konular kapsamında, bol atıfta bulunulmuştur. Ne var ki, bu birikim mimari olarak yerindeki yapı kısımları ve kalıntılarının derinlemesine incelenmesi ve tarihsel gelişim üzerinden yeterince değerlendirilmemiştir. Bu monografik yazı kaynaklar ve verileri Kurşunlu Mahzen’in tarihsel işlevleri bağlamında yeniden yorumlamaktadır: Liman hisarı, köprübaşı, silah mahzeni, un deposu, gümrük, kent girişi, cami ve karantina. Yapının tarihi dönemleri bu başlıklarda ortaya konurken, asıl konu sıradan bir askeri yapı tipolojisinin sıradışı dönüşümlerinin izlerinin sürülmesidir, ki bu farklı alanlarda karşılaştırmalı analizleri gerektirmiştir. Kurşunlu Mahzen’in nesnelleştirilmesi ve tarihi katmanlarının görselleştirilmesi yazının en belirgin katkılarındandır.
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