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ÖZEL AYIRMA İŞLEMLERİNDE İKİNCİ BİR SEÇENEK: SÜPERKRİTİK AKIŞKAN SÜREÇLERİ

A SECOND OPTION IN SPECIAL SEPARATION OPERATIONS: SUPERCRITICAL FLUID PROCESSES

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Abstract (2. Language): 
Processes using supercritical fluids constitute another special separation process option other than the membrane processes which have been presented in one of the previous issues as alternative to conventional separation processes. Separation processes that make use of either membranes or supercritical fluids are considered to be special because of the separation media or agents used which are much different than those used in conventional processes. As the separation or the separation with reaction takes place through a membrane made of materials such as polymers or ceramics in membrane processes, separation or separation with reaction takes place in a fluid above its critical temperature and pressure, in other words in a fluid medium under “supercritical” conditions in supercritical fluid processes. The fact that properties of fluids in supercritical conditions can be tuned by pressure and temperature changes rather easily enables such fluids to be quite successful and advantageous relative to conventional solvents in separation oriented applications like solid or liquid extraction (primarily in food, cosmetics, chemical and biochemical industries), purification, particle size design, pore formation, and various reactions followed by separation applications such as polymerization, modification of various oils and waste water treatment. However special separation processes are not expected to replace conventional separation processes completely, and in some applications they may even be designed to form hybrid processes with conventional processes. In this article, supercritical fluid applications as special separation processes were investigated thoroughly stressing thermodynamics, kinetics, transport phenomena, technology and economics.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Geleneksel ayırma işlemlerine alternatif olarak önceki sayıların birinde sunulan membran süreçlerinden başka bir özel ayırma seçeneği de süperkritik akışkanların kullanıldığı süreçlerdir. Gerek membranların, gerekse süperkritik akışkanların kullanıldığı ayırma süreçlerini özel yapan geleneksel süreçlerde kullanılanlardan çok farklı olan ayırma ortamları veya araçlarıdır. Membran süreçlerinde ayırma veya reaksiyonla birlikte ayırma, polimerik veya seramik malzemeden yapılmış membran aracılığıyla olurken, süperkritik akışkan süreçlerinde ise ayırma veya reaksiyonla birlikte ayırma, kritik sıcaklığı ve basıncının üstünde olan bir akışkan yani “süperkritik” koşullarda bulunan bir akışkan ortamında olur. Süperkritik koşullardaki akışkan özelliklerinin basınç ve sıcaklık değişimleriyle kolaylıkla ayarlanabilir olması, bu akışkanları (özellikle gıda, kozmetik, kimya ve biyokimya sanayine yönelik olarak) katı veya sıvılardan ekstraksiyon, saflaştırma, tanecik tasarımı, gözenek oluşturma gibi ayırma içerikli uygulamalarda ve başta polimerizasyon, yağların modifikasyonu ve atık su arıtma gibi çeşitli kimyasal reaksiyonlarda ve bunu takip eden ayırma uygulamalarında oldukça başarılı ve geleneksel çözücülere göre avantajlı kılmaktadır. Ancak geleneksel ayırma süreçlerinin yerini tamamen alması beklenmeyen özel ayırma süreçleri bazı uygulamalarda geleneksel süreçlerle birlikte hibrit süreçler oluşturacak şekilde tasarlanabilir. Bu makalede özel ayırma süreci olarak süperkritik akışkan uygulamaları termodinamik, kinetik, taşınım, teknolojik ve ekonomik açıdan ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir.
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