You are here

Sigara Bırakmada Farmakoterapi

PHARMACOTHERAPY IN SMOKING CESSATION

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Abstract (2. Language): 
Smoking behavior is maintained by nicotine, which is thought to be the principal cause of addiction. The fact that many people die due to smoking related disorders or cancer increases the atten¬tion to smoking cessation programs and pharmacotherapy. However, other alternative strategies need to be developed because of low success rates of nicotine replacement therapy used widely for smoking cessation. Understanding the underlying neurophysiologic and pharmacological reasons of tobacco dependence are important for the development of new methods for helping smoking cessation. While tobacco use is decreasing in the developed countries, it is increasing in the developing coun¬tries. Because of this reason, multiple and different pharmaco¬logical treatment are in use.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Sigara içme davranışı, nikotinin neden olduğu düşünülen bağımlılık nedeniyle devam ettirilmektedir. Birçok insanın, sigara içimine bağlı hastalıklar ya da kanser nedeniyle ölmesi, gün geçtikçe sigara bırakma programları ve farmakoterapisine ilgiyi artırmaktadır. Özellikle sigara bırakmada yaygın olarak kullanılan nikotin replasmanından beklenen faydanın görülememiş olması, alternatif tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Sigara bırakmada yardımcı olacak birçok yeni yöntem, bağımlılığın altında yatan nörofizyolojik ve farmakolojik nedenlerin anlaşılması ile gelişmektedir. Sigara içme oranı gelişmekte olan ülkelerde artmakta iken, gelişmiş ülkelerde azalmaktadır. Tüm bu nedenlerle sigara bırakma programlarında birden çok ve çeşitli tedavilerin kul¬lanılması gündemdedir.
170-177

REFERENCES

References: 

1. World Health Organization. Tobacco or health: a global status report. Geneva, 1997.
2. Richmond R. Teaching medical students about tobacco. Thorax 1999; 54: 70-8.
3. Henningfield JE, Stapleton JM, Benowitz NL, Grayson RF, London ED.
Higher levels of nicotine in arterial than in venous blood after cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend 1993; 33: 23-9.
4. Benowitz NL. Nicotine addiction. Prim Care 1999; 26: 611-31.
5. Hughes JR. Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. J Consult Clin Psychol
1992; 60: 689-97.
6. West RJ, Russell MA, Jarvis MJ, Pizzey T, Kadam B. Urinary adrenaline concentrations during 10 days of smoking abstinence. Psychopharmacology
1984; 84: 141-2.
7. Sartorius N. Classification of mental disorders according to ICD 10. Encephale 1995; 21: 9-13.
8. Dorsey J. Control of the tobacco habit. Ann Intern Med 1936; 10: 628-31.
9. Corrigall WA, Franklin KB, Coen KM, Clarke PB. The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacology 1992; 107: 285-9.
10. Benwell ME, Balfour DJ. The effects of acute and repeated nicotine treatment on nucleus accumbens dopamine and locomotor activity. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105: 849-56.
11. Epping-Jordan MP, Watkins SS, Koob GF, Markou A. Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal. Nature 1998; 393: 76¬9.
12. George TP, O'Malley SS. Current pharmacological treatments for nicotine dependence. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004; 25: 42-8.
13. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J ve ark. Mortality from smoking worldwide.
Br Med Bull 1996; 52: 12-21.
14. Fiore MC. Treating tobacco use and dependence: an introduction to the US Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline. Respir Care 2000; 45:
1196-9.
15. Glassman AH, Helzer JE, Covey LS ve ark. Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. JAMA 1990; 264(12): 1546-9.
Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi | Turkish Journal of Family Practice | Cilt 10 | Sayı 4 | 2006 | 175
16. Hatsukami D, Huber M, Callies A, Skoog K. Physical dependence on nico¬tine gum: effect of duration of use. Psychopharmacology 1993; 111: 449-56.
17. Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH ve ark.The safety of transdermal nico¬tine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. N Engl J
Med 1996; 335: 1792-8.
18. Mahmarian JJ, Moye LA, Nasser GA ve ark. Nicotine patch therapy in smoking cessation reduces the extent of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 125-30.
19. Dempsey DA, Benowitz NL. Risks and benefits of nicotine to aid smoking cessation in pregnancy. Drug Saf 2001; 24: 277-322.
20. Benowitz NL, Porchet H, Sheiner L, Jacob P. Nicotine absorption and car¬diovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44: 23-8.
21. Silagy C, Lancaster T, Stead L, Mant D, Fowler G. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004:
CD000146.
22. Benowitz NL, Chan K, Denaro CP, Jacob P. Stable isotope method for studying transdermal drug absorption: the nicotine patch. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 1991; 50: 286-93.
23. Hughes JR, Goldstein MG, Hurt RD, Shiffman S. Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of smoking. JAMA 1999; 281: 72-6.
24. Tonnesen P, Paoletti P, Gustavsson G ve ark. Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial. Collaborative European Anti-Smoking Evaluation. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 238-46.
25. Guthrie SK, Zubieta JK, Ohl L ve ark. Arterial/venous plasma nicotine concentrations following nicotine nasal spray. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;
55: 639-43.
26. Hurt RD, Offord KP, Croghan IT ve ark. Temporal effects of nicotine nasal spray and gum on nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology
1998; 140: 98-104.
27. Lunell E, Molander L, Ekberg K, Wahren J. Site of nicotine absorption from a vapour inhaler--comparison with cigarette smoking. Eur J Clin
Pharmacol 2000; 55: 737-41.
28. Kotlyar M, Hatsukami DK. Managing nicotine addiction. J Dent Educ
2002; 66: 1061-73.
29. Shiffman S, Dresler CM, Hajek P ve ark. Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1267-76.
30. Balfour DJ. The pharmacology underlying pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence: a focus on bupropion. Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55: 53-7.
31. Ascher JA, Cole JO, Colin JN v ark. Bupropion: a review of its mechanism of antidepressant activity. J Clin Psychiatry 1995; 56: 395-401.
32. Slemmer JE, Martin BR, Damaj MI. Bupropion is a nicotinic antagonist. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295: 321-7.
33. Balfour DJ, Wright AE, Benwell ME, Birrell CE. The putative role of
extra-synaptic mesolimbic dopamine in the neurobiology of nicotine depend¬ence. Behav Brain Res 2000; 113: 73-83.
34. Di Chiara G. Role of dopamine in the behavioural actions of nicotine relat¬ed to addiction. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 393: 295-314.
35. Delfs JM, Zhu Y, Druhan JP, Aston-Jones G. Noradrenaline in the ventral forebrain is critical for opiate withdrawal-induced aversion. Nature 2000;
403(6768): 430-4.
36. Golden RN, Rudorfer MV, Sherer MA, Linnoila M, Potter WZ.
Bupropion in depression. I. Biochemical effects and clinical response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 139-43.
37. Covey LS, Sullivan MA, Johnston JA ve ark. Advances in non-nicotine pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Drugs 2000; 59: 17-31.
38. Prochazka AV, Weaver MJ, Keller RTve ark. A randomized trial of nor-triptyline for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 2035-9.
39. Hall SM, Reus VI, Munoz RF ve ark. Nortriptyline and cognitive-behav¬ioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1998; 55: 683-90.
40. Edwards NB, Murphy JK, Downs AD, Ackerman BJ, Rosenthal TL.
Doxepin as an adjunct to smoking cessation: a double-blind pilot study. Am J
Psychiatry 1989; 146: 373-6.
41. Hennings EC, Kiss JP, Vizi ES. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist effect of fluoxetine in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res 1997; 759: 292-4.
176 |
Doğan YH, Demirgören S | Sigara Bırakmada Farmakoterapi
42. Garcia-Colunga J, Awad JN, Miledi R. Blockage of muscle and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by fluoxetine (Prozac). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94: 2041-4.
43. Gambassi G, Bernabei R. Antidepressants and smoking cessation. Arch
Intern Med 1999; 159: 1257-8.
44. Bowen
DJ
, Spring B, Fox E. Tryptophan and high-carbohydrate diets as adjuncts to smoking cessation therapy. J Behav Med 1991; 14: 97-110.
45. Amit Z, Smith BR, Gill K. Serotonin uptake inhibitors: effects on motivat¬ed consummatory behaviors. J Clin Psychiatry 1991; 52: 55-60.
46. Levin ED, Briggs SJ, Christopher NC, Rose JE. Sertraline attenuates hyperphagia in rats following nicotine withdrawal. Pharmacol Biochem
Behav 1993; 44: 51-61.
47. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ ve ark. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase
B in the brains of smokers. Nature 1996; 379(6567): 733-6.
48. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ ve ark. Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 14065-9.
49. Berlin I, Said S, Spreux-Varoquaux O ve ark. A reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor (moclobemide) facilitates smoking cessation and absti¬nence in heavy, dependent smokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 444-52.
50. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A ve ark. A preliminary placebo-con¬trolled trial of selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation. Biol Psychiatry
2003; 53: 136-43.
51. Fryer JD, Lukas RJ. Noncompetitive functional inhibition at diverse, human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes by bupropion, phencyclidine, and ibogaine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 288: 88-92.
52. Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC ve ark. Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treat¬ment alone. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 56: 86-99.
53. Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC. Nicotine-mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: the role of pre-cessation therapy. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 6: 331-43.
54. Glassman AH, Jackson WK, Walsh BT, Roose SP, Rosenfeld B. Cigarette
craving, smoking withdrawal, and clonidine. Science 1984; 226: 864-6.
55. Hitsman B, Pingitore R, Spring Bve ark. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy helps some cigarette smokers more than others. J Consult Clin Psychol 1999;
67: 547-54.
56. Rijnders HJ, Slangen JL. The discriminative stimulus properties of bus-pirone involve dopamine-2 receptor antagonist activity. Psychopharmacology
1993; 111: 55-61.
57. Lucki I. Serotonin receptor specificity in anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry
1996; 57: 5-10.
58. Lader M. Can buspirone induce rebound, dependence or abuse? Br J
Psychiatry1991;12: 45-51.
59. Pomerleau OF. Endogenous opioids and smoking: a review of progress and problems. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 115-30.
60. Krishnan-Sarin S, Rosen MI, O'Malley SS. Naloxone challenge in smok¬ers. Preliminary evidence of an opioid component in nicotine dependence.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 663-8.
61. Krishnan-Sarin S, Meandzija B, O'Malley S. Naltrexone and nicotine patch smoking cessation: a preliminary study. Nicotine Tob Res 2003; 5: 851¬7.
62. Picciotto MR, Zoli M, Rimondini R ve ark. Acetylcholine receptors con¬taining the beta2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine.
Nature 1998; 391: 173-7.
63. Tapper AR, McKinney SL, Nashmi R ve ark. Nicotine activation of alpha4* receptors: sufficient for reward, tolerance, and sensitization. Science
2004; 306: 1029-32.
64. Slater YE, Houlihan LM, Maskell PD ve ark. Halogenated cytisine deriv¬atives as agonists at human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor sub¬types. Neuropharmacology 2003; 44: 503-15.
65. Coe JW, Brooks PR, Vetelino MG ve ark. Varenicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist for smoking cessation. J Med Chem 2005;
48: 3474-7.
66. Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D ve ark. Smoking cessation with vareni-cline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a
7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year fol¬low-up. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1561-8.
67. Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC, Bonner TI. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA.
Nature 1990; 346: 561-4.
68. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A ve ark. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992; 258: 1946¬9.
69. Di Marzo V, Melck D, Bisogno T, De Petrocellis L. Endocannabinoids: endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory action.
Trends Neurosci 1998; 21: 521-8.
70. Cota D, Marsicano G, Tschop M ve ark. The endogenous cannabinoid sys¬tem affects energy balance via central orexigenic drive and peripheral lipoge-
nesis. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 423-31.
71. Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD ve ark. Cannabinoid receptor local¬ization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 1932-6.
72. Di Marzo V, Bifulco M, De Petrocellis L. The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic exploitation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3: 771-84.
73. Cohen C, Perrault G, Voltz C, Steinberg R, Soubrie P. SR141716, a cen¬tral cannabinoid (CB(1)) receptor antagonist, blocks the motivational and dopamine-releasing effects of nicotine in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2002; 13:
451-63.
74. Cohen C, Perrault G, Griebel G, Soubrie P. Nicotine-associated cues maintain nicotine-seeking behavior in rats several weeks after nicotine with¬drawal: reversal by the cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist, rimonabant
(SR141716). Neuropsychopharmacology2005; 30: 145-55.
75. Gibbs JW, Sombati S, DeLorenzo RJ, Coulter DA. Cellular actions of top-iramate: blockade of kainate-evoked inward currents in cultured hippocampal neurons. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 10-6.
76. Gordey M, DeLorey TM, Olsen RW. Differential sensitivity of recombinant GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes to modulation by topira-
mate. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 25-9.
77. Herrero AI, Del Olmo N, Gonzalez-Escalada JR, Solis JM. Two new
actions of topiramate: inhibition of depolarizing GABA(A)-mediated responses and activation of a potassium conductance. Neuropharmacology
2002; 42: 210-20.
78. Okada M, Yoshida S, Zhu G, Hirose S, Kaneko S. Biphasic actions of top-iramate on monoamine exocytosis associated with both soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors and Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+)-releasing systems. Neuroscience 2005; 134: 233-46.
79. Johnson BA. Topiramate-induced neuromodulation of cortico-mesolimbic dopamine function: a new vista for the treatment of comorbid alcohol and nicotine dependence? Addict Behav 2004; 29: 1465-79.
80. Sofuoglu M, Poling J, Mouratidis M, Kosten T. Effects of topiramate in combination with intravenous nicotine in overnight abstinent smokers. Psychopharmacology 2006; 184: 645-51.
81. Cashman JR, Park SB, Yang ZC ve ark. Metabolism of nicotine by human liver microsomes: stereoselective formation of trans-nicotine N'-oxide. Chem
Res Toxicol 1992; 5: 639-46.
82. Benowitz NL, Jacob P. Metabolism of nicotine to cotinine studied by a dual stable isotope method. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 56: 483-93.
83. Nakajima M, Kwon JT, Tanaka N ve ark. Relationship between interindi-vidual differences in nicotine metabolism and CYP2A6 genetic polymor¬phism in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69: 72-8.
84. Xu C, Goodz S, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF. CYP2A6 genetic variation and potential consequences. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 1245-56.
85. Sampablo Lauro I, Angrill Paxeras J. Update on the treatment of tobacco dependence. Arch Bronconeumol 2004; 40: 123-32.
86. Rao Y, Hoffmann E, Zia M ve ark. Duplications and defects in the CYP2A6 gene: identification, genotyping, and in vivo effects on smoking. Mol
Pharmacol 2000; 58: 747-55.
87. Sellers EM, Tyndale RF, Fernandes LC. Decreasing smoking behaviour
and risk through CYP2A6 inhibition. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8: 487-93.
88. Gu DF, Hinks LJ, Morton NE, Day IN. The use of long PCR to confirm
three common alleles at the CYP2A6 locus and the relationship between genotype and smoking habit. Ann Hum Genet 2000; 64: 383-90.
89. West R. Glucose for smoking cessation: does it have a role? CNS Drugs
2001; 15: 261-5.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com