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Validity of Body Density with Methods of Body Mass Index, Skin Fold, Bio- Electrical Impedance & Criterion Method of Hydrostatic in Men Athletes of Swimming

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Abstract (2. Language): 
The goal of present research is estimating and validity of body density with methods of Body Mass Index, Skin Fold, Bio-Electrical Impedance and Criterion Method of Hydrostatic in men athletes of swimming. The present research has been conducted with semi-experimental and functional method. For doing so 25 men swimming athletes were randomly selected (N= 120). Statistical analysis was conducted with Pearson coefficient, correlated T-test, TE & SEE. The results of statistical analysis show that the method of Skin Fold Stat with hydrostatic criterion method has meaningful difference in society of swimmers. Also there is meaningful difference between body mass index and criterion method. There was not any meaningful difference between bio-electrical impedance and criterion method in swimmers. (TE=3.01, SEE=2.91, R=0.924, P=0.064). The findings show that that bio-electrical impedance in swimmer athletes is more suitable method.
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REFERENCES

References: 

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elevated body mass index often have a high upper arm
muscle area, but not elevated triceps and sub scapular skin
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Body mass index compared to dual-energy X-ray
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body fat compared to the skin folds. Rev Bras Med sport .
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heavyweight oarswomen: a comparison of five methods. J
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Comparison of two methods for estimation body composition
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19.
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Densitometry analysis of body composition: revision of some
quantitative assumptions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1 10: 113-140.
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Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics:
21-43.
8. Lohman TG. 1992. Advances in Body Composition
Assessment: Current Issues in Exercise Science.
Champaign, I L: Human Kinetics: 109-118.
9. Segal, K R. 1996. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis
measurements as an evaluation for participating in sports.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol 64, 469S-471S.
10. Nevill, A, A. Stewart, T. Olds, and R. Holder, 2006.
Relationship between adiposity and body size reveals
limitations of BMI. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 129: 151-156.
11. Lohman TG. 1981. Skin fold and body density and their
relationship to body fatness: a review. Hum Biol; 53: 181-
225.
12. DeLorenzo A; 2004. Multicompartment model to assess
body composition in professional water polo player. J Sports
Med Phys Fitness. 44(1): 38-43 (ISSN: 0022-4707).
13. Ainsworth, B, E. Stolarczyk, I, M. Heyward, V, H. Berry, C,
B. Irwin, M, L. Musulman, L, M. 1997. Predictive accuracy of
bioelectrical impedance in estimating fat free mass of
African-American women. Med and sci in sport and exercise.
29(6), 781-187, Refs: 41.
14. Andreoli, A; Melchiorri G; Volpe S L; Sardella F; Iacopino,
L; Arrese, A. L, Ostariz , E, S. 2006. Skin fold thicknesses
associated with distance running performance in highly
trained runners, Journal of Sport Sciences, Volume 24,
Issue1, Pages 69-76.
15. Baumgartner, RN & et al, 1989. Estimation of
body composition from bioelectric impedance of
body segments. Am J Clint Nut. 50(2): 221-6.
16. Lohman T G. Research progress in validation of
laboratory methods of assessing body composition.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 16: 596–605.
17. Lukaski H C, Bolonchuk W W, Hall C B, Siders W
A. . 1986. Validation of tetra polar bioelectrical
impedance method to assess human body
composition. j App. Physiology; 60: 1327–1332.
18. Lukaski H C. 1989. Use of bioelectrical
impedance analysis to assess human body
composition: a review. In: Livingston GE, ed.
Nutritional Status Assessment of the Individual.
Trumbull, Conn: Food and Nutrition Press: 189-204.
19. Lukaski H C, Bolonchuk W W, Siders WA, Hall
CB. l990. Body composition assessment of athletes
using bioelectrical impedance measurements. J
Sports Med Phys Fitness; 30: 434-40.
20. Witt, K. A, and E. A. Bush, 2005. College athletes
with an elevated body mass index often have a high
upper arm muscle area, but not elevated triceps
and sub scapular skin folds. J. Am. Diet. Assoc.
105: 599-602.
21. Curtin, F, A. Morabia, C. Pichard, and D. O.
Slosman. 1997; Body mass index compared to
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: evidence for a
spectrum bias. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 50: 837-843.
22. Maria Fatima Glaner. 2005. Body mass index as
indicative of body fat compared to the skin folds.
Rev Bras Med sport .Vol. 11, No4.
23. Pacy P J, Quevedo M, Gibson N R, Cox M,
Koutedakis Y, Mill ward J. 1995. Body composition
measurement in elite heavyweight oarswomen: a
comparison of five methods. J Sports Med Phys
Fitness. 35(1): 67-74.
24. Coolville, B, C: Hex ward, V, H: Sandoral, W, m.
1989. Comparison of two methods for estimation
body composition of body builders. Jour apply sci
research. 3(3) 57, 61. Refs: 19.
25. Brozek J, Grande F, Anderson J T, Keys A. 1963.
Densitometry analysis of body composition: revision
of some quantitative assumptions. Ann N Y Acad
Sci. 1 10: 113-140.
26. Heyward V H, Stolarczyk, L M. 1996. Applied
Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL:
Human Kinetics: 21-43.
27. Lohman TG. 1992. Advances in Body
Composition Assessment: Current Issues in
Exercise Science. Champaign, I L: Human Kinetics:
109-118.28. Segal, K R. 1996. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis
measurements as an evaluation for participating in sports.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol 64, 469S-471S.
29. Nevill, A, A. Stewart, T. Olds, and R. Holder, 2006.
Relationship between adiposity and body size reveals
limitations of BMI. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 129: 151-156.
30. Lohman TG. 1981. Skin fold and body density and their
relationship to body fatness: a review. Hum Biol; 53: 181-
225.
31. DeLorenzo A; 2004. Multicompartment model to assess
body composition in professional water polo player. J Sports
Med Phys Fitness. 44(1): 38-43 (ISSN: 0022-4707).
32. Ainsworth, B, E. Stolarczyk, I, M. Heyward, V, H. Berry, C,
B. Irwin, M, L. Musulman, L, M. 1997. Predictive accuracy of
bioelectrical impedance in estimating fat free mass of
African-American women. Med and sci in sport and exercise.
29(6), 781-187, Refs: 41.
33. Andreoli, A; Melchiorri G; Volpe S L; Sardella F; Iacopino,
L; Arrese, A. L, Ostariz , E, S. 2006. Skin fold thicknesses
associated with distance running performance in highly
trained runners, Journal of Sport Sciences, Volume 24,
Issue1, Pages 69-76.
34. Baumgartner, RN & et al, 1989. Estimation of body
composition from bioelectric impedance of body segments.
Am J Clint Nut. 50(2): 221-6.
35. Lohman T G. Research progress in validation of laboratory
methods of assessing body composition. Med Sci Sports
Exerc. 16: 596–605.
36. Lukaski H C, Bolonchuk W W, Hall C B, Siders W A. .
1986. Validation of tetra polar bioelectrical impedance
method to assess human body composition. j App.
Physiology; 60: 1327–1332.
37. Lukaski H C. 1989. Use of bioelectrical impedance
analysis to assess human body composition: a review. In:
Livingston GE, ed. Nutritional Status Assessment of the
Individual. Trumbull, Conn: Food and Nutrition Press: 189-
204.
38. Lukaski H C, Bolonchuk W W, Siders WA, Hall CB. l990.
Body composition assessment of athletes using bioelectrical
impedance measurements. J Sports Med Phys Fitness; 30:
434-40.

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