Buradasınız

Anasayfa » Content

Effect of Bone during Fixed Bed Pyrolysis of Pistachio Nut Shell

Journal Name:

  • International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations

Publication Year:

  • 2013

Key Words:

Author NameUniversity of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
Biomass will constitute a major part of the renewable energy matrix in the future. The large scale utilization of biomass, however, is constrained by its wide geophysical spread, low energy density and poor fuel quality. Pyrolysis-based bio-char and bio-oil production is a promising way to simultaneously achieve solid carbon sequestration and co-produced bio-oil with increased energy density and improved fuel quality. This paper provides new data on co -pyrolysis of 10wt% bone meal blended with pistachio nut shell and its effects on the yields of bio-char, bio-oil and non-condensable gases. In particular the bio-char was found to be suitable for soil amendment. A fixed bed pyrolysis reactor was used to investigate the effect of the addition of 10 wt% bone meal (BM) to pistachio nut shell (PS) to produced bio-chars and bio-oils up to 600 0 C. At 350°C the char yield was 53.3wt% for PSBM10 (sample containing 90wt% of PS and 10 wt% of BM) compared to only 30.9wt% for the PS alone. This was linked with the ability of the PSBM10 to retain condensable compounds at this temperature. The formation of condensable liquids from the PSBM10 reached 48 wt% at 550°C compared to only 20 wt% for the PS alone. The H/C atomic ratio for this PS bio-oil was 1.01 which increased to 1.11 for the PSBM10 bio-oil indicating an improvement in the bio-oil quality for the co-pyrolysis with bone, where the calorific value increased from 18.5 MJ/kg for the PS bio-oil to 19.9 for the PSBM10 bio-oil The bio-char stability in terms of the ratio of volatile matter (VM) to that of fixed carbon (FC) content confirmed that at 300°C the PSBM10 char retained more condensable compounds with a VM/FC ratio of 1.60 compared to 1.10 for the PS char. At 400°C the VM/FC ratio decreased rapidly down to 0.15 for the PSBM10 compared with 0.25 for the PS alone reflecting the release of condensable liquids from the PSBM10. The PSBM10 bio-char at 550°C contained 0.45 wt% nitrogen compared with 0.18 wt% for the PS char which suggest increase in nitrogen availability in the char from co-pyrolysis with bone at this temperature. From E.A, SEM-EDS and XRD analysis, the reaction mechanisms between bone mater and PS involved dehydration and decarboxylation which is promoted by CaO from the bone matter. Also, the inhibition of the depolymerization stage of pyrolysis of biomass by Ca 2+ lead to high char yield at the expense of volatile release. These results indicate that a combination of bone and biomass could yield bio-chars suitable for soil amendment, and possibly carbon sequestration, while improving the production of bio-liquids for renewable energy.
Bookmark/Search this post with
FULL TEXT (PDF): 
PDF icon arastirmax-effect-bone-during-fixed-bed-pyrolysis-pistachio-nut-shell.pdf
  • 12
37-48
  • English

REFERENCES

References: 

[1] J. L. Deenik, T. Mcclellan, G. Uehara, M. J. Antal, & S. Campbell,
Charcoal Volatile Matter Content Influences Plant Growth and Soil
Nitrogen Transformations. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 74
(2010), 1259-1270.
[2] J. Lehman, Bioenergy in the black front. Eco. Environment. (2007) 381-387.
[3] J. Lehman. J. Gaunt and M Rodon, Biochar sequestration in terestial
ecosystem- A reviw;Mitigation and adaptation strtegies for global
change, 11 (2006) 403-427.
[4] S. Brodowski, A. Rodionov, I. Haumaier, B. Glaser, & W. Amelung,
Revised black carbon assessment using benzene polycarboxylic acids.
Organic Geochemistry, 36, (2005) 1299-1310.
[5] B. Gaser, Slash-and-char- a feasible alternatives for soil fertility
management in the central Amazon. 17th World Congress of soil
science. Bangkok Thailand (2002).
[6] J. Lehmann & G. Schroth, Nutrient leaching. Trees, crops and soil
fertility: Concepts and research methods, (2003) 151-166.
[7] W. Seifritz, Should we store carbon in charcoal. International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, 18, (1993) 405-407.
[8] [8] Z. Z. Faizal, Commissioning of Bubbling Fluidised Bed Reactor to
Investigate the Combustion, Gasification and Pyrolysis of Biomass By-products from Bioethanol and Biodiesel Production. UoN unpublished,
(2006).
[9] C. Steiner, B. Glaser, W. G. Teixeira, J. Lehmann, W. E. H. Blum, & W.
Zech, Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central
Amazonian Ferralsol amended with compost and charcoal. Journal of
Plant Nutrition and Soil Science-Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenernahrung Und
Bodenkunde, 171 (2008) 893-899.
[10] [10] L. P. Novelo, N. S. L. Martinez and V. P. Garza, Bone meal
applied to soils of the coffee plantation area in Los Altos de Chipas,
Mexico (in Spanish, English summary). Terra 16 (1998) 71–77.
[11] [11] A. S. Jeng1, K. H. Trond, A. Grønlund1 and P. A. Pedersen, Meat
and bone meal as nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to cereals and
ryegrass Nutrient Cycling in Agro ecosystems 76 (2006)183–191.
[12] A.E. Putun, N. Ozbay, E.A. Varol, B.B. Uzun, & F. Ates, Rapid and
slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell: Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the
product yields and characterization of the liquid product. International
Journal of Energy Research, 31 (2007) 506-514.
[13] S.A. Christopher, C. I. S.D. A. A. J. G, Solid waste pyrolysis in a pilot-scale batch pyroliser. Fuel, 75 (1996) 1167-1174.
[14] Y. Tonbul, Pyrolysis of pistachio shell as a biomass. Journal of Thermal
Analysis and Calorimetry, 91 (2008) 641-647.
[15] E. Apaydin-varol, E. Putun, & A. E. Putun, Slow pyrolysis of pistachio
shell. Fuel, 86 (2007) 1892-1899.
[16] A. W. A. K. Hedden, Catalytic effect of inorganic substances on
reactivity and ignition temperature of solid fuels Ger. Chem. Eng., 3
(1980) 142-147.
[17] R, Bassilakis, R. M. Carangelo, & M.A. Wojtowicz, TG-FTIR analysis
of biomass pyrolysis. Fuel, 80 (2001) 1765-1786.
[18] Y. Shi, Y, L. Chrusciel, A. Zoulallan (Ed.) (2007) Recent progresen
genie des procedes-Numero, France, Faculty of Science and Techniques
of Nancy, (2007).
[19] B.D. Okello, T. G. O'connor, & T.P. Young, Growth, biomass estimates,
and charcoal production of Acacia drepanolobium in Laikipia, Kenya.
Forest Ecology and Management, 142, (2001) 143-153.
[20] D. Laird, P. Fleming, B. Q. Wang, R. Horton, & D. Karlen, Biochar
impact on nutrient leaching from a midwestern agricultural soil.
Geoderma, 158, 436-442.
[21] D. A. Nemtsov, & A. Zabaniotou, Mathematical modelling and
simulation approaches of agricultural residues air gasification in a
bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 143,
(2008) 10-31.
[22] C.J. Atkinson, J. D. Fitzgerald, & N. A. Hipps, Potential mechanisms for
achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate
soils: a review. Plant and Soil, 337, (2010) 1-18.
[23] L.A. German, Historical contingencies in the coevolution of
environment and livelihood: contributions to the debate on Amazonian
Black Earth. Geoderma, 111, (2003) 307-331.
[24] W.I. Woods, J.M. Mccann, The anthropogenic origin and persistence of
Amazonian Dark Earths. Yearb. . Am. Geogr., 25, (1999) 7-14.
[25] B. Glaser, J. Lehmann, & W. Zech, Ameliorating physical and chemical
properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal - a
review. Biology and Fertility of soils, 35, (2002) 219-230.
[26] J. Lehmann, J.P.D. Silva, C. Steiner, T. Nehls, W. Zech & B. Glaser,
Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a
Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal
amendments. Plant and Soil, 249 (2003) 343-357.
[27] K.Y. Chan, L. Van Zwieten, I. Meszaros, A. Downie & S. Joseph,
Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment.
Australian Journal of Soil Research, 45, (2007) 629-634.
[28] C. Steiner, W. G. Teixeira, J. Lehmann, T. Nehls, J. L. V. De Macedo,
W. E. H. Blum & W. Zech, Long term effects of manure, charcoal and
mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly
weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291 (2007)
275-290.
[29] M. J. Gundale, & T.H. Deluca, Charcoal effects on soil solution
chemistry and growth of Koeleria macrantha in the ponderosa
pine/Douglas-fir ecosystem. Biology and Fertility of soils, 43 (2007)
303-311.
[30] H. Tiessen, E. Cuevas & P. Chacon, The role of soil organic-matter in
sustaining soil fertility. Nature, 371 (1994) 783-785.
[31] R. F. H. R. Probstein, (1982) Synthetic Fuels, New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Company.
[32] B. Purevsuren, B. Avid, T. Gerelmaa, Y. Davaajav, T.J. Morgan, A.A.
Herod & R. Kandiyoti, The characterisation of tar from the pyrolysis of
animal bones. Fuel, 83, (20040 799-805.
[33] B. Manoj1*, A.G. Kunjomana Study of Stacking Structure of
Amorphous Carbon by X-Ray Diffraction Technique, Int. J.
Electrochem. Sci., 7, (2012) 3127 – 3134.
[34] J. M. Encinar, F. J. Beltran & A. Ramiro, Pyrolysis/gasification of
agricultural residues by carbon dioxide in the presence of different
additives: influence of variables. Fuel Processing Technology, 55,
(1998) 219-233.
International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations, Volume 2, Issue 12, January 2013 48
www.IJSEI.com Paper ID: 21213-07 ISSN: 2251-8843
[35] D. Sutton, B. Kelleher, A. Doyle & J.R. H. Ross, Investigation of nickel
supported catalysts for the upgrading of brown peat derived gasification
products. Bioresource Technology, 80 (2001) 111-116.
[36] E, Cascarosa., I, Fonts., J, M, Mesa., J, L, Sanchez. & J, Arauzo.
Characterization of the liquid and solid products obtained from the
oxidative pyrolysis of meat and bone meal in a pilot-scale fluidised bed
plant. Fuel Processing Technology, 92, (2011)1954-1962
[37] I, Fonts., M, Azuara., L, Lazaro., G, Gea., & M.B, Murillo, Gas
Chromatography Study of Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis Liquids Obtained at
Different Operational Conditions in a Fluidized Bed. Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry Research, 48, (2009a) 5907-5915.
[38] I, Fonts., E, Kuoppala & A, Oasmaa, Physicochemical Properties of
Product Liquid from Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge. Energy & Fuels, 23,
(2009b)4121-4128.
[39] D, J, Nowakowski. & J, M, Jones, Uncatalysed and potassium-catalysed
pyrolysis of the cell-wall constituents of biomass and their model
compounds. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 83, (2008) 12-25.
[40] J, A, Torres., J, Llorca., A, Casanovas., M, Dominguez., J, Salvado. &
D, Montane, Steam reforming of ethanol at moderate temperature:
Multifactorial design analysis of Ni/La2O3-Al2O3, and Fe- and Mn-promoted Co/ZnO catalysts. Journal of Power Sources, 169, (2007) 158-166.
[41] T, Nordgreen., T, Liliedahl. & K, Sjostrom, Elemental iron as a tar
breakdown catalyst in conjunction with atmospheric fluidized bed
gasification of biomass: A thermodynamic study. Energy & Fuels, 20,
(2006) 890-895.
[42] H Nicholas. Florin and T Andrew. Harris, Mechanistic study of
enhanced H2 synthesis in biomass gasifiers with in-situ co2 capture
using CaO. J environmental and energy engineering, vol 54, no 4,
(2008) 1096-1109.
[43] T , Hanaoka., T, Yoshida., S, Fujimoto., K, Kamei., M, Harada., Y,
Suzuki., H, Hatano., S, Yokoyama. & t, Minowa, Hydrogen production
from woody biomass by steam gasification using a CO2 sorbent.
Biomass & Bioenergy, 28, (2005) 63-68.
[44] C, Pfeifer., B, Puchner. & H, Hofbauer, In-situ CO2-absorption in a dual
fluidized bed biomass steam gasifier to produce a hydrogen rich syngas.
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, (2007) 5.
[45] Z, Wang., F, Wang., J, Cao. & J, Wang, Pyrolysis of pine wood in a
slowly heating fixed-bed reactor: Potassium carbonate versus calcium
hydroxide as a catalyst. Fuel Processing Technology, 91, (2010) 942-950.
[46] A. Demirbas, Biomass to charcoal, liquid, and gaseous products via
carbonization process. Energy Sources, 23, (2001a) 579-587.
[47] A. Demirbas, Carbonization ranking of selected biomass for charcoal,
liquid and gaseous products. Energy Conversion and Management, 42
(2001b) 1229-1238.
[48] W. Daud, W.S.W. Ali & M. Z. Sulaiman, Effect of carbonization
temperature on the yield and porosity of char produced from palm shell.
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 76 (2001) 1281-1285.
[49] S. Katyal, K. Thambimuthu & M. Valix, Carbonisation of bagasse in a
fixed bed reactor: influence of process variables on char yield and
characteristics. Renewable Energy, 28 (2003) 713-725.
[50] S. Joseph, C. Peacocke, J. Lehmann, And P. Munroe, Developing a
biochar clasification and test methods in: J. Lehmann, And S. Stephen
(Ed.) (2009) Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and
Technology, UK and USA, Earthscan, (2009) 108-126.
[51] Broido, A and M.A Nelson Char yield on pyrolysis of cellulose.
Combustion and Flame, 24, (1975) 263-268.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com