THE GEORGIAN ROSE REVOLUTION CHALLENGERES AND SUPPORTS FOR ENSURUNG THE NON-VIOLENT OUTCOME IN A POST-SOVIET SOCIETY

i It is more appropriate to talk about the 'probability' of non-violence, rather than 'ensuring/guaranteeing' nonviolence, recognizing the fact that in every situation there is a certain amount of chance and unpredictability involved, Dr Darchashvili commented during counselling.
ii Louis Cahen and Lawrence Manion: "Research Methods in Education', Biddies Ltd, Guildford and Kings's Lynn, Great Britain, 1994
iii This is an argument for interviewing people in top positions and/or use documents produced in "high places"
iv Charlotte Keatley: "A very Georgian coup: The people are the biggest losers in the 'democratic revolution'", The Guardian, 6 December 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ georaia/story/Q.14065,1101299,00.html accessed on 28 January 2004
v Vidar Vambheim, supervisor, comment during the supervisor meeting
vi Parliamentary Asembly, "Ad hoc Committee to observe the extraordinary presidential elections in Georgia (4 January 2004)", Report, Bureau of the Assembly,
http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc04/ETOCI0046.htm, accessed on 23 April 2005
82 Ramil Aliyev
viiElections Around the World, "Elections in Georgia", http://www.electionworld.org/georgia.htm, accessed on 25 April 2005
viii British Helsinki Human Rights Group, "Georgia 2003:The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'etat",
http://wvm.bhhrg.org/Countryreport.asp?reportID=207&CountryID=10, accessed 24 May 2004
ix The term 'violence' or 'violent' always has to be qualified with reference to the context and scale/size of the situation, and the intention of the actors. Clearly, domestic violence in a family is violence under otherwise peaceful circumstances, while one person killed in a revolution would not qualify that revolution as 'violent', unless it was a symbolic act designed to communicate the power and willingness to commit violence by the actors, e.g. by the new government. Further, the political culture of the country also has to be taken into consideration.
x Louis Cahen and Lawrence Manion: "Research Methouds in Education", Biddies Ltd, Guildford and Kings's Lynn, Great Britain, 1994
xiJohan Galtung, "Peace by Peaceful, Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization", International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, 1996 p. 10-11
xii lbid.,p.l0-ll
xiii Louis Cahen and Lawrence Manion: "Research Methouds in Education", Biddies Ltd, Guildford and Kings's Lynn, Great Britain, 1994
xiv Tuckma, B. W.: "Conducting Educational Research", Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1972
xv Tuckman, B. W.: "Conducting Educational Research", Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1972
xvi Gene Sharp: The Politics of Non-violent Action, Part Two: The Methods of Non-violent Action, Porter Sargent
Publishers, Eighth Printing, Seventh Printing, 1998, p. 193-199
xvii In the original theory of conflict triangle Johan Galtung calls this corner of triangle as a 'Contradiction' (in the meaning: incompatible goal-state in a goal-seeking system). Since, as I mentioned, I have drown the idea from J. Galtung theory I called it as a "Situation".
xviii Johan Galtung, "Peace by Peaceful, Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization", International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, 1996 p. 70-73
xix Ibid., p. 72-73
xxIbid.,p.73
xxi Mark Juergenmeyer Miall, "Gandhi's Way. A Handbook of Conflict Resolution", Oxford University Press, 2002 p. 13
xxii Ibid., p. 38
xxiii Ibid., p.40
xxiv The CIA World Fact book 2005", http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gg.html
xxv Author's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
The Georgian Rose Revolution: Challenges And Supports For Ensuring… 83
xxvi Building Democracy in Georgia, "Attempts to Establish Democracy in Georgia", Discussion Paper 1, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003, p 8-11
xxvii Building Democracy in Georgia, "The Constitutional System in Georgia", Discussion Paper 2, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003, p.8
xxviii British Helsinki Human Rights Group, "Georgia 2003.The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'etat", http://www.bhhrg.org/CountryReport.asp?ReportID=207&CountryID=10, accessed 24 May 2004
xxlx Building Democracy in Georgia, "Attempts to Establish democracy in Georgia", Discussion Paper 1, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003,
xxx Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia, Eduard Shevardnadze, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevardnadze#Georgian_president
xxxi Building Democracy in Georgia, "Ethnic Conflicts ad Breakaway Regions in Georgia, The Weak State Syndrome and Corruption in Georgia", Discussion Paper 9,Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003, p.8
xxxii Saakashvili'e resignation was the beginning of his fight against Shevardnadze, his former colleague and friend. Saakashvili was known as a non-corrupted official under the Shevardnadze government. He maintained the support of the former president Zviad Gamsakhurdia's supporters, because he didn't have any role in or contributed to the coup against Gamsakhurdia in 1992.
xxxiii Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, University of Georgia.
xxx1v Building Democracy in Georgia, Electoral Processes in Georgia, Discussion Paper 4, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003, p.9
xxxv Like most post-Soviet societies, politics was a luxury for the few, and inaccessible to the many due to the daily grind. Stated in: British Helsinki Human Rights Group, "Georgia 2003:The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'etat", http://www.bhhrg.org/CountryReport.asp?ReportID=207&CountryID=10, accessed 24 May 2004
xxxvi British Helsinki Human Rights Group, "Georgia 2003.The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'etat"
http://www.bhhrg.org/CountryReport.asp?ReportID=207&CountryID=10, accessed 24 May 2004
xxxvii Compared to previous years, there were lines in front of the polling stations in 2003 election which had never been seen before. However, there was a problem with the list of voters. Many people were excluded from the list by the Ministry of Interior which was making a new, unified list and made deliberate or unintentional mistakes. So people were coming to stations, not finding thier names and going back angry.
xxxviii British Helsinki Human Rights Group, "Georgia 2003:The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'etat",
http://www.bhhrg.org/CounlryReport,asp?ReporlID-207&CountryiD=10, accessed 24 May 2004
xxxix Building Democracy in Georgia, "The Capital and the Regions of Georgia", Discussion Paper 10, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003, p.23
84 Ramil Aliyev
xl Author's interview with Alexander Lomaia, Minister of Education and Science of Georgia. He has been an executive director of Open Society Georgian Foundation during the revolution.
Online Magazine, Civil Georgia: "CEC Announces Elections' Controversial Results ", Giorgi Sepashvili, Civil Georgia, Tbilisi, 20 November 2003, http://207.218.249.154/eng/detail.php?id=5573, accessed on 12 May 2004
xlii Elections Support Program: "Exit Poll Results Published", http://www.esp.ge''?m=news&id-38 accessed on 12 January 2005
хliv Authors interview with Bakar Bereashvili, Political Science student at Tbilisli State University
xlv Author's interview with Natela Sakhokia, Director, The Strategic Research Institute
xlv Natalia Antelava, "United States Cuts Development Aid to Georgia", www.euroasianei. Accessed on 29.03.2005
xlvi Natalia Antelava: United States Cuts Development Aid to Georgia, www.eurasianet.оrg, accessed on 14 May 2004
xlvii Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, University of Georgia.
xlviii Leonid Serebrakov, "Mass movement overthrows Shevardnadze regime", 7 December 2003, http://www.socialistworld.net/index2.html?/eng/2003/12/07georgia.html
xlix Building Democracy in Georgia, "The Capital and the Regions of Georgia", Discussion Paper 10, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003, p. 30-31
l Building Democracy in Georgia, "Human Right in Georgia", Discussion Paper 6, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003 '
li Author's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
lii Building Democracy in Georgia, Power Structures, "The Weak State Syndrome and Corruption in Georgia", Discussion Paper 5, Printinfo, Armenia, May 2003, 12
liii Leonid Serebrakov, "Mass movement overthrows Shevardnadze regime", 1 December 2003, http://www.socialistworld.net/index2.html7/eng/2003/12/07georgia.html
liv British Helsinki Human Rights Group: Georgia 2003:The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'eta, http://www.bhhrg.org/CountryReport.asp?ReportID=207&CountryID=10,, accessed on 15 January 2004
lv The argument for the visa regime was that Georgians harbour thousands of Chechen terrorists on their territory, provide them with medical assistance, help them to receive funds, arms and ammunition from abroad, and are planning to lead them back into Chechnya to fight the Russian forces. Source: Zeyno Baran, "Georgia, Russia: Power of Perception", Transcript of talk by Gela Charkviani, Foreign Policy Advisor to Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze, June 12, 2001,
http://www.csis.org/ruseura/georgia/ga_010612char.htm
lvi According to Dr. David Darchialshvili media was not absolutely economically independent. "Media need to have some financial mechanism in order to survive, like, tax privileges or extra advertisements. And again, Georgian market is poor so many journalists
The Georgian Rose Revolution: Challenges And Supports For Ensuring… 85
were involved in writing articles ordered and paid by some rich people, etc, which at the end lets government to control media"
lvii Auther's interview with Dr. David Darchashvili, Supervisor, Executive director of Open Society Foundation
lviii Online Magazine, "Shevardnadze Confident U.S. not to Suspend Assistance to Georgia", Civil Georgia,
Tbilisi, September 29. http://ww\v.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=5013
lix Author's interview with Natela Sakhokia, Director, The Strategic Research Institute
lx Vitali Silitski, "Lenin's Lessons from Georgia", Transitions Online, December 01, 2003,
http://www.tol.cz/look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=l&IdPublication=4&NrIs..., accessed on 16 June 2004
lxi Nato Oniani, "President Shevardnadzes's Weekly Radio Interview", Embassy of Georgis to the USA, Canada and Mexico, Monday, July 07,2003, http://www.georgiaemb.org./DisplavNews.asp?id=l81&from=archtve
1xii Dr. Laurence Broers, Department of Political Studies, University of London, December 2004, London, http://ec.ut.ee/transition/k4_4.html
lxiii It is an expression in the Caucasus. It means to beat somebody hard or mercilessly.
lxiv Author's interview with Emil Adelkhanov, Program Director, Caucasus institute for Peace, Democracy and Development
lхv Author's interview with Emil Adelkhanov, Program Director, Caucasus institute for Peace, Democracy and Development
lxvi Vitali Silitski, "Has the Age of Revolutions Ended?" Transitions Online, 13 Jan 2005
http://www.tol.cz/1ook/TOL/article.tp?IdLanguag=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssu... accessed on 27 February 2005
lxvii Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, University of Georgia.
lxviii Shevardnadze resign-resign!
lxix Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, University of Georgia.
ixx Author's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
lxxi Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, 'University of Georgia.
lxxii Constitution Watch, "A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR", Volume 6 Number 4, Fall 1997, http//www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol6num4/constitutionwatch/georgia.html accessed on 12 March
lxxiii Building Democracy in Georgia, "Human Rights in Georgia", Discussion Paper 6, May 2003, p. 12
lxxiv Author's joint interview with Kmara Movement activists: Tea Tutkharidze, Keto Kabiashvili, Georgi Kandelaki and Ksenia Kaqstsiashvili
86 Ramil Aliyev
lxxv Author's interview with Georgy Khelashvili, Consultant to the head of Georgian Parliament
lxxvi Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, University of Georgia.
lxxvii Author's interview with Levan Ramashvili, Chairman of Liberty Institute
lxxviii Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, University of Georgia.
Ixxix Author's interview with la Antatze, Journalist, Radio Freedom
lxxx Author's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
lxxxi Amor's interview with Alexander Lomaia, Minister of Education and Science of Georgia. He was an executive director of Open Society Georgian Foundation during the revolution.
lxxxii Kuran Т., 'Sparks and Prairie Fires: a Theory of "Unanticipated Political Revolution'", Public Choice, 1989p. 41-74.
Ixxxiii Paul Collier, Director, Development Research Group, "Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy" World Bank, June 15, 2000,
http://'www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/civilconflict.pdf, accepted on 28 September 2004
lxxxiv Author's interview with Natela Sakhokia, Director, The Strategic Research Institute
lxxxv charlotte Keatley: "A very Georgian coup: The people are the biggest losers in the 'democratic revolution'", The Guardian, 6 December 2003, http://www.guardian.со.uk/georgia/'story/0J 4065.1101299.00.html accessed on 28 January 2004
lxxxvi Author's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
lxxxvii Kuran T., () 'Sparcs and Prairie Fires: a Theory of "Unanticipated Political Revolution', Public Choice, 1989, p. 41-74.
lxxxviii Yitali Silitski, "Lenin's Lessons from Georgia", Transitions Online, December 01, 2003, http://www.tol.cz/look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=l&IdPublication=4&NrIs..., accessed on 16 June 2004
lxxxix it was part of Saakashvili's inauguration speech, 24-25 January 2004
xc On 29 May, the State Minister Avtandil Dzhorbenadze and US Ambassador to Georgia Richard Miles discussed Georgia's future cooperation with Russian gas facility Gazprom. "The USA fears that the coming of Gazprom to the Georgian energy market will hinder the implementation of the project on constructing the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzerum gas pipeline."
Georgian Online Magazine: "The United States Concerned about Georgia's Cooperation with Gazprom", Tbilisi, May 30 2003, Civil Georgia, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=4292
xci Georgian Online Magazine: "The United States Concerned about Georgia's Cooperation with Gazprom", Tbilisi, May 30 2003, Civil Georgia, http:/www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=4292, accessed on 18 March 2005.
The Georgian Rose Revolution: Challenges And Supports For Ensuring… 87
xcii Author's interview with Emil Adelkhanov, Program Director, Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development
xciii Ibid.,
xciv Nino Burjanadze, The Statement of the Chair of the Parliament of Georgia - Acting President of Georgia,
http://www.parliametıt.ge/statemeats/ZOO3/par1_24_llj03_en.htm
xcv Auther's interview with Dr. David Darchashvili, Supervisor, Executive director of Open Society Foundation
xcvi Author's interview with Akaki Minashvili, one of the founders of Kmara student movement
xcvii Here Minashvili speaks on behalf of Kmara movement
xcviii Author's interview with Akaki Minashvili, one of the founders of Kmara student movement
xcix Author's interview with Gia Bladze, Military
c Ibid.,
ci Claude Zullo, "Georgia's Rose Revolution Rotted in Law ", Central Asia - Caucasus Analyst, December 03, 2003
http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=1946 assessed on 25 march
cii British Helsinki Human Rights Group: Georgia 2003.The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'eta, http://www.bhhrg.org/CountryReport.asp?ReportID=207&CountryID=10 accessed on 15 January 2004
ciiiIbid.,
civ The Hungarian daily newspaper Nepszabadsag stated that the students of Otpor had themselves been trained by American experts in Hungary.
cv Author's interview with Michael Chachkhunashvili, The Chairman of Executive Board, Open Society -Georgian Foundation
cvi Author's interview with Michael Chachkhunashvili, The Chairman of Executive Board, Open Society -Georgian Foundation
cviiAuthor's interview with Alexander Lomaia, Executive Director of the Open Society - Georgian Foundation during the revolution
cviii Author's interview with Michael Chachkhunashvili, Chairman of the Executive Board, Open Society -Georgian Foundation
cix Darchiashvili commented during counselling
cx British Helsinki Human Rights Group: Georgia 2003:The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup d'eta,
http://www.bhhrg.org/CountryReport.asp?ReportID=207&CountryID=10 accessed on 15 January 2004
cxiThomas de Waal and margarita Akhvlediani, "A Bitter Resignation", Interview with Eduard Shevardnadze, http://www.worldpress.org/Europe/1689.cfm
cxii Natalia Antelava: "United States cuts development aid to Georgia", www.EuraasiaNet.org, 29 September 2003; http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav092903.shtml
88 Ramil Aliyev
cxiii Thomas de Waal and margarita Akhvlediani, "A Bitter Resignation", Interview with Eduard Shevardnadze, http://www. worldpress.org/Europe/1689.cfm
cx1v The Government House is called the State Chancellery in Georgia.
cxv Author's interview with Levan Ramashvili, Chairman of Liberty Institute
cxvi Daan van der Schriek, "Few Tears for Shevardnadze Georgia: 'How Good the Revolution Has Been!'" World Press Review, Tbilisi, Georgia Dec. 7, 2003, http://worldpress.org/article model.cfm?article id=1805&dont=ves
cxvii Georgia became the second biggest recipient (after Israel) of US foreign aid.
cxviii Author's interview with Ingrid Degraeve, contemporary artist. She is a Dutch woman married to a Georgian, and has been living in Georgia for 5 years at the time of the interview.
cxix Author's interview with Levan Ramashvili, Chairman of the Liberty Institute
cxx Author's joint interview with Kmara activists: Tea Tutkharidze, Keto Kabiashvili, Georgi Kondelaki and Ksenia Kaqsisiashvili, Kmara, Liberty Institute
cxxiIbid.,
cxxii Author's interview with Levan Ramashvili, Chairman of the Liberty Institute
cxxiii As it was a goal in Ukraine, too, to not let the police occupy the 'Freedom Square' during the demonstrations in 2004.
cxx1v Author's joint interview with Kmara activists: Tea Tutkharidze, Keto Kabiashvili, Georgi Kondelaki and
Ksenia Kaqsisiashvili, Kmara, Liberty Institute
cxxvIbid.,
cxxvi Author's interview with Akaki Minashvili, Co-founder of the Kmara movement
cxxvii Author’s interview with Levan Ramashvili, Chairman of Liberty Institute
cxxviii British Helsinki Human Rights Group: Georgia 2003:The revolution of guns not roses, The story of a coup a"eta, http://www.bhhrg.org/CountrvReport.asp?ReportID=207&CountrylD= 10, accessed on 15 January 2004
cxxix Qnline Magazine, Civil Georgia: "Saakashvili Casts Doubt over Zhvania's opposition Stance", Civil Georgia, Tbilisi, September 8, 2003, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=4901 accessed on 5 May 2005
cxxx Online Magazine, Civil Georgia: "National Movement, Government Supporters Clash in Gori", Civil Georgia, Tbilisi, May 27 2003, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=4280 accessed on 5 April 2005
cxxxi Some people say that Shevardnadze just became very old and very ill. He was different from what he was several years ago. He did not understand the situation.
cxxxii Author's interview with Alexander Lomaia, Executive Director of the Open Society - Georgian Foundation during the revolution
cxxxiii Author's interview with Levan Ramashvili, Chairman of the Liberty Institute
cxxxiv Author's interview with Levan Ramashvili, Chairman of the Liberty Institute
cxxxv Dr. Laurence Broers, Department of Political Studies, University of London, December 2004, London, http://www.ec.ut.ee/transition/k4_4.html
The Georgian Rose Revolution: Challenges And Supports For Ensuring… 89
cxxxvi Author's interview with Dr. David Darchashvili, Supervisor, Executive director of the Open Society -Georgia Foundation
cxxxvii Author's interview with Natela Sakhokia, Director, The Strategic Research Institute cxxxviii Author's interview with la Antatze, Journalist, Radio Freedom
cxxxix Author's interview with Nana Kakabadze, Director of Former Political Prisoners for Human Rights
cxl Levan Ramishvilli was clarifying that: "In 1996, Mr. Saakashvili was a chairman of the committee on leader affairs and he initiated judicial reforms. Basically, his reforms was aimed to remove all the soviet judges and to introduce exams to test qualifications, then to appoint new people as judges on a merit basis. That made Saakashvili very popular. We together with some other organizations gave him the reward "man of year" in order to somehow support these reforms."
cxli Although a civil war is classified as an internal conflict with at least one thousand battle-related deaths, and Georgia only had a little over hundred causalities, I still chose to call it a civil war, because it was commonly referred to as a civii war among Georgians
cxlii Paul Collier, Director, Development Research Group Wrold Bank, "Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy", June 15, 2000,
http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/civilconflict.pdf accessed on 28 September 2004
cxliii Author's interview with Dr. David Darchashvili, Supervisor, Executive director of the Open Society - Georgia Foundation
cxliv Author's interview with Michael Chachkhunashvili, Chairman of the Executive Board, Open Society - Georgia Foundation
cxlv Author's interview with Ingrid Degraeve, contemporary artist. She is a Dutch woman married to a Georgian, and has been living in Georgia for 5 years at the time of the interview.
cxlvi Some people say that during this song, many armed people from Adjara started to run away from their positions.
cxlvii Author's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
cxlviii Some Georgians describe it as a revolution, but meanwhile others, as disarming local mafia.
cxlix Georgia celebrates two Saint George's Days every year, on 6 April and 23 November.
cl Author's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
c1i Author's interview with Ingrid Degraeve, contemporary artist. She is a Dutch woman married to a Georgian, and has been living in Georgia for 5 years at the time of the interview.
clii It is the same in many former soviet countries; namely in the neighbouring countries. People know that state channels cover reality from one angle and they do not criticise the government.
cliii Author's interview with Nana Kakabadze, Director of Former Political Prisoners for Human Rights
90 Ramil Aliyev
cliv Author's interview with Georgy Shubutidze, Sociologist, Caucasian Institute for Peace and Democracy and Development
clv Daan van der Schriek, "Few Tears for Shevardnadze Georgia: 'How Good the Revolution Has Been!'" World Press Review, Tbilisi, Georgia Dec. 7, 2003, http://worldpress.org/article_model.cfm?article_ id=l805&dont=yes
clvi Author's interview with Dr. Marina Muskhelishvili, Political Science Division, Democracy and Democratisation, Centre for Social Studies, University of Georgia.
clvii Niccolo Machiavelli: "Citizen and Secretary of Florence on the Books on the Art of War". http://www.constitution.org/mac/artofwar0.txt
clviii Thomas Weber: "Conflict Resolution and Gandhian Ethics, the Gandhi Peace Foundation", New Deli, 1991. P. xx-xxi
clix Author's interview with Ingrid Degraeve, contemporary artist. She is a Dutch woman married to a Georgian, and has been living in Georgia for 5 years at the time of the interview.
clxGlobolising Democracy Without a State, "Weak Public, Strong Public, Global Constitutionalism", Journal of International Studies, Volume 31, Number 3, 2002, Millennium Publishing Group, London School of Economics
clxi Author's interview with Dr. David Darchashvili, Supervisor, Executive director of the Open Society -Georgia Foundation
clxii Thomas Weber, "Conflict Resolution and Gandhian Ethics, The Gandhi Peace Foundation", New Delhi, 1991. p. 87
clxiii Ibid., p. 85
clxiv Ibid., p. 86
clxv Hans Blorrrkvist: Social structure and political action: Does social capital matter?, Department of Government, Uppsala University, p. 27-32
clxvi Maill, Hugh/ Woodhouse, Tom/Ramsbotham, Oliver, "Contemporary conflict resolution: the prevention, management and transformation of deadly conflicts", polity Press, Cambridge, 1999 p. 10
clxvii Online Magazine, Civil Georgia, "U.S. Condemns Bolnisi Violence", Civil Georgia, Tbilisi 2003-09-30,
http://www.civil.ge/eng/article_elections.php?id=5023
clxviii Vitali Silitski, "The Unlikely Revolution", Transitions Online, 12 December 2003,
http://www.tol.cz/look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=l&IdPublication=10&NrI..., accessed on 22 January 2004
clxix Author's interview with Nana Kakabadze, Director of NGO, Former Political Prisoners for Human Rights
clxx Author's interview with Emil Adelkhanov, Program Director, Caucasus institute for Peace, Democracy and Development
clxxi Thomas Weber, "Conflict Resolution and Gandhian Ethics, The Gandhi Peace Foundation", New Delhi, 1991. p. 87
clxxii Author's interview with Alexander Lomaia, Minister of Education and Science of Georgia. He was an executive director of Open Society Georgian Foundation during the revolution.
The Georgian Rose Revolution: Challenges And Supports For Ensuring… 91
clxxiii Amor's interview with Nino Makhashvili, Medical Director, Georgian Centre for Psychosocial and Medical Rehabilitation Torture Victims
clxxiv As I have already mentioned in Chapter 2, ordinary people in Georgia always thought that they are remembered usually just before the elections for their votes.
clxxv Statements Made by the Parliament of Georgia, The Statement of the Chair of the Parliament of Georgia -Acting President of Georgia, Parliament of Georgia,
http://www.parliament.ge/statements/2003/parl_24_11_03_en.htm, accessed on 19 April 2005
clxxvi Relatively the same situation appeared in Kyrgyzstan April 2005 where there was not leader or legal person to lead the country. Even during the following days the opposition could not agree accept temporary leader to implement order and law in the country. By Asian Karimov's stepping back his government simultaneously collapsed which observed with paralysing the state institutions and power structures.
clxxvii Hans Blomkvist, "Social structure and political action: Does social capital matter? ", Department of Government, Uppsala University, p. 27-32
clxxviii Dr David Darchashvili's email to Author, on 03 April 2005
- Gene Sharp: The Politics of Non-violent Action, Part One: Power and Struggle, Porter Sargent Publishers, Eighth Printing, 2000
- Gene Sharp: The Politics of Non-violent Action, Part Two: The Methods of Non-violent Action, Porter Sargent Publishers, Eighth Printing, Seventh Printing, 1998
- Gene Sharp: The Politics of Non-violent Action, Part Three: The Dynamics of Nonviolent Action, Porter Sargent Publishers, Seventh Printing, 2000 -Gene Sharep, "From Dictatorship to Democracy, Cambridge Press, USA, 1993
- Galtung, Johan, 'Peace by peaceful means : peace and conflict, development and civilization" Institutt for fredsforskning, 1996, Oslo, London , Prio Sage
- Hasan Shipaliyev, Ali Ahmedov: "Politologiya", Tabib Press, Baku, 1997
- Halvor Mehlum and Karl Moene, 'Contested Power and Political Instability', Working Paper, Department of Economics, University of Oslo, 5 June, 2002
- Fred Halliday: "Revolution and World Politics: the rise and fall of the sixth great power", Macmillan Press LTD, Hong Kong, 1999
- Mark Juergenmeyer, "Gandhi's Way. A Handbook of Conflict Resolution", Oxford University Press, 2002
- Mats Berdal and David M. Malone, "Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars",Lynne Rienner: London, 2000
- Paul Collier, "Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy", Working Paper, World Bank, 15 June, 2000
- Thomas Weber, "Conflict Resolution and Gandhian Ethics", The Gandhi Peace foundation, New Delhi, 1991