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Yoksulluk—Çevre Tezi: Brundtland Yanlış mıydı?

The Poverty—Environment Thesis: Was Brundtland Wrong?

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Abstract (Original Language): 
Dünyanın pek çok bölgesi kısır bir girdaba yakalanmış durumda: yoksul insanlar gün be gün hayatta kalmak için çevresel kaynakları aşırı kullanmaya zorlanıyor ve çevresel yoksullaşma onları daha da yoksullaştırıyor. Bu da hayatta kalmalarını daha da zor ve belirsiz kılıyor (WCED, 1987:27). Yaklaşık olarak son on yılda, yoksulluk-çevre hipotezi uluslararası kalkınma ajanslarının ve siyasa yapıcıların başlıca ilgi konusu haline geldi. Buna göre çevresel bozulma ve yoksulluk birbirini güçlendirmektedir ve yoksullar çevresel yıkımın hem failleri hem de mağdurlarıdır. Bu durum, Brundtland Komisyonu (WCED, 1987) raporunun başlıca ilkelerinden biri olduğu gibi; Dünya Bankası’nın Çevre ve Kalkınma Ana Raporu (Dünya Bankası, 1992) ve Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı’nda (1995) da yoksulluk ve çevre ile ilgili olarak yer almaktadır. “Ana akım sürdürülebilir kalkınma düşüncesinin temel prensibi; yoksulluk ve çevresel bozulma ile ilgili çift yönlü bir bağ olduğudur.” (Lele, 1991: 613). Yoksulluk-çevre hipotezi hâkim olan kalkınma paradigmasının bir parçasıdır. 1970’lerin tartışması, “Büyümenin Sınırları” tezinden önemli ölçüde etkilenmişse de, yoksulluk-çevre hipotezi ekonomik büyümenin yoksulluk-çevre girdabının kırılması için gerekli olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Dünya Bankasının (1992) ve diğerlerinin sloganı “kazan-kazan”dır. Buna göre ekonomik büyümeyi sağlayacak siyasalar çevreye de faydalı olacaktır. Çünkü biraz da ekonomik büyümeden yoksulluğu azaltması ve bunun sonucunda da çevrenin korunmasını güçlendirmesi de beklenmektedir.
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