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Şiddet Eğilimli ve Direniş Temelli Şii Aktivizmi: Hizbullah’ın Fikirsel ve Örgütsel Zemini

Violent and Resistance-Based Shia Activism: Hezbollah’s Ideational and Organizational Ground

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Abstract (2. Language): 
This study analyzes the ideational and organizational structure of the violent non-state actor, Hezbollah (Party/Faction of God), which has considerable influence over the Middle East. This organization emerged as a local resistance movement as a result of the growing Shia radicalism in 1960s and 1970s in Lebanon. Hezbollah, which has afterwards transformed itself into a powerful actor within the Middle East and Lebanon politics, is an organization in which ulama (religious scholars) take important political roles similar to İran’s Islamic rebublic and the idea of Shia activism. In this context, Lebanese religious figures, who took education in the well-known Shia religious schools (hawza) like Qom (Iran) and Najaf (Iraq), have contributed to the Hezbollah’s ideational and organizational ground which is shaped by time-space contingent socio-political developments within the Middle East and Lebanon. This Islamist (Shia) movement, which accepts Israel ‘eternal’ enemy and radically opposes the United States of America’s (USA) hegemony in general in the international area and in particular in the Middle East, applied violent methods including ‘human bombs’ activities especially in its early years. In this context, this article discusses which actors, regional and local events, historical events and especially religious figures have shaped the Hezbollah’s ideational and organizational base. Additionally, it seeks to explain the impact, if any, of its organizational structure and the ideational factors, which is an important “instrument” for the legitimization, over the Hezbollah’s discourses and actions.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Bu çalışma Ortadoğu bölgesinde önemli bir etkisi bulunan şiddet eğilimli devlet dışı aktör (Violent Non-State Actors) Hizbullah’ın (Hezbollah-Allahın Taraftarları/Partisi) fikirsel ve örgütsel yapısını analiz etmektedir. Bu oluşum Lübnan’da 1960’lı ve 1970’li yıllarda gelişen Şii radikalizmi sonucu yerel bir direniş hareketi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonrasında Lübnan ve Ortadoğu politikasında etkili bir aktöre dönüşen Hizbullah, İran’daki İslami yönetime ve Şii aktivizmi fikrine benzer şekilde din adamlarının önemli politik roller üstlendiği bir oluşumdur. Bu çerçevede, Ortadoğudaki ve Lübnan içerisindeki zaman-mekan koşullu sosyo-politik gelişmelerin şekillendirdiği Hizbullah’ın fikirsel ve örgütsel zeminine Kum (İran) ve Necef (Irak) gibi önemli Şii din okullarında (havza) eğitim gören Lübnanlı dini figürler katkı sağlamıştır. İsrail’i “ebedi” düşman olarak gören ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) genel olarak uluslararası ve özel olarak Ortadoğu bölgesindeki hegemonyasına radikal şekilde karşı çıkan İslamcı (Şii) hareket, özellikle oluşumunun ilk yıllarında “canlı bomba” eylemlerini de kapsayan şiddet araçlarına başvurmuştur. Bu çerçevede, bu makale Hizbullah oluşumunun fikirsel ve örgütsel temelini hangi aktörlerin, bölgesel ve yerel olayların, tarihsel olayların ve özellikle dini figürlerin etkilediğini tartışmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma örgütsel zeminin ve önemli bir meşrulaştırma aracı olan fikirsel unsurların bu aktörün eylemleri ve söylemleri üzerindeki etkisini açıklamaya çalışmaktadır.
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