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FRANKFURT OKULU'NDAN POSTMODERNİZME TELEVİZYONA DAİR ELEŞTİREL PERSPEKTİFLER

Journal Name:

  • Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi

Publication Year:

  • 2011
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Abstract (Original Language): 
Modern iletişim çalışmalarının mucitlerinden biri olan Paul Lazarsfeld (1942), "idari araştırmalar" ile "eleştirel araştırmaları" birbirinden ayırmıştır. Lazarsfeld, şirketler ve devlet kuruluşları için yapılan ampirik araştırmaları idari araştırmalara dahil ederken, eleştirel araştırmaları da Frankfurt Okulu'yla ilişkilendirmiştir. Bunlardan eleştirel araştırmalar medyayı toplumsal hayat içinde daha geniş bir bağlamda ele almakta ve yapısı, amaçları, değerleri, mesajları ve etkileri açısından sorgulamaktadır. Dahası, eleştirel araştırmalar medyayı değerlendirirken eleştirel perspektifler geliştirmiştir. 1940'lardan bu yana, medya ve televizyona ilişkin çok sayıda eleştirel yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Ben de bu çalışmada, öncelikle televizyon çalışmalarına eleştirel yaklaşımların başlatıcısı olarak Frankfurt Okulu'nu ele alacağım. Sonra da, çok sayıda teorisyenin (sonradan eleştirel televizyon çalışmalarında adlandırıldığı haliyle) temsil politikalarını nasıl değerlendirdiğini, sınıf, toplumsal cinsiyet, ırk ve cinsellik sorunlarını, ayrıca medya temsiline ve sosyal yaşama ilişkin diğer ana unsurları nasıl irdelediklerini tartışacağım. Bunun ardından, kültürel çalışmalardaki postmodern dönüşün önceki eleştirel modellere nasıl karşı çıktığını ve televizyon çalışmalarına ilişkin ne tür alternatif yaklaşımlar sunduğunu ele alacağım. Son olarak da, televizyon ve medya kültürüne eleştirel yaklaşım konusunda bazı yorumlarda bulunacak, televizyonun üretimini ve politik ekonomisini, etki araştırmalarını ve televizyonun izleyici tarafından kullanımını içine alan kapsamlı bir eleştirel model sunacağım. Bu çalışmada da gösterildiği gibi, eleştirel medya ve televizyon çalışmalarına böylesi çok boyutlu bir yaklaşım ilk olarak Frankfurt Okulu tarafından getirilmiş ve farklı coğrafyalardaki başka bir çok televizyon teorisyeni tarafından İngiliz kültürel çalışmalarından eleştirel feminizme kadar uzanan ve çoğu kez birbiriyle çatışan perspektiflerle geliştirilmiştir.
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