YÖNETİCİ-SAHİPLİK DÜZEYİNİN HALKA ARZ SONRASI FAALİYET PERFORMANSI VE DÜŞÜK FİYATLANDIRMA ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: İMKB ÖRNEĞİ

Ownership structure plays a very important role in corporate finance for emerging markets (LaPorta et al., 1999), perhaps more so than in developed countries (Kim et al., 2004). The degree of information asymmetry among participants in relatively high in emerging market countries due to the relatively undeveloped market structure of these markets. This stuation might allow influential managers-owners greater latitude to engage in and act upon their desires. Going public typically leads to significant changes in the ownership of a company’s stock. Thus, an initial public offering of common stock results in seperation of managerial control and ownership. Jensen and Meckling (1976) point out that the interest of managers and shareholders diverge as managers’ stakes decrease and ownership is dispersed. Their argument implies that a company’s performance suffers after going public. Management retention after the initial public offering (IPO) significantly affects the post-issue operating performance. According to both the agency theory hypothesis (Jensen and Meckling, 1976) and the signaling hypothesis (Leland and Pyle, 1977) we can expect relatively superior operating performance from firms with higher ownership retained by entrepreneurs in comparison to the firms with lower ownership retained. For instance, Jain and Kini (1994)’s results of relatively superior post-issue operating performance of firms with high-ownership retention after the initial public offering by entrepreneurs are consistent with the implications of agency and signaling models. This study analyses the effect of management ownership level on both the initial-day return (underpricing) and the post-issue operating performance of 205 initial public offerings listed on the İstanbul Stock Exchange during 1992 to 2000. In so doing, we compare both underpricing and the post-issue operating performance of high-ownership and low-ownership initial public offering firms. We split the sample into two groups based median alpha. Alpha is the fraction of the firm retained by the pre-issue shareholders after the IPO. The above median alpha subsample is referred to as the high-ownership group and the below median alpha subsample is referred to as the low-ownership group. To measure the operating performance of the high-ownership and low-ownership initial public offering firms, six different performans measures are employed. The first measure is the operating return on assets, which is operating income before interests and taxes divided by total assets. The second measure of operating performance is also operating return on assets, which is operating income divided by total assets. The third measure is the operating profit margin, which is operating income deflated by net sales. Another ratio we employed is equity capital turnover, which is net sales deflated by stakeholders’ equity. Asset turnover is used as the fifth operating performance measure. The last operating performance measure is a ratio which divides operating cash flows by total assets. Underpricing is taken as the raw initial return from the offering price to the market price at the end of the first trading day. Besides, a cross-sectional regression model is used to examine the effect of ownership concentration on the post-issue operating performance. Cash flows are used as dependent variable while management ownership level is used as independent variable in the regression analysis. Investment bank and auditing firm reputation, offer size, and pre-IPO capital expenditures are also used as independent variables in the regression model. In our analysis, a significant relation is found not only for the relation between underpricing and equity retention by the original owners but also between post-issue operating performance and equity retention by the original owners after the IPO at the İstanbul Stock Exchange. High-ownership IPO group exhibits relatively less underpricing compared to low-ownership IPO group. Additionaly, a relatively superior post-issue operating performance occurs for the high-ownership group in comparison to low-ownership group.