Buradasınız

ARJiNiN ve EGZERSiZ

ARGININE SUPPLEMENTATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON EXERCISE

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Keywords (Original Language):

Abstract (2. Language): 
The usage of ergogenic supplements among performance athletes and recreational athletes is getting more and more common everyday. Amino acids, particularly arginine supplements, are used very often. L-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid which can widely be found in many foods and plays roles in many important metabolic pathways like nitric oxide, creatine, agmatine, poliamines, ornithine and citrulline synthesis. Studies have shown that it improves exercise performance in different patient populations particulary in cardiovascular patients. Due to its role in nitric oxide synthesis and growth hormone secretion arginine is preferred by the athletes as an ergogenic supplement. It is also known that it increases protein synthesis when it is taken with essential amino acids. Considering all these features it may be suggested to have potential effects on improving sportive performance. The aim of this paper is to review the literature related to possible effects of L-arginine supplementation on exercise performance.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Performans sporcuları ve rekreasyonel spor yapan bireyler arasında ergojenik destek maddelerinin kullanımı her geçen gün daha da yaygınlaşmaktadır. Aminoasitler ve bunların içinde de L-arjinin suplementleri sıklıkla başvurulan ergojenik destek madde-lehndendir. L-arjinin normal besin maddeleri içinde bolca bulunan şartlı bir esansiyel aminoasit olup nitrik oksit, kreatin, agmatin, poliaminler, ornitin ve sitrülin oluşumu gibi birçok önemli metabolik yolda rol oynar. L-aıjininin özellikle kardiyovasküler kökenli ol¬mak üzere çeşitli hastalıklarda fiziksel performansı geliştirdiğine ilişkin çalışmalar bulun¬maktadır. Özellikle, nitrik oksit sentezi ve büyüme hormonu sekresyonu üzerine etkilerin¬den dolayı sporcular tarafından tercih edilen birsuplementtirve esansiyel aminoasitler ile birlikte alındığında protein sentezini artırdığı da bilinmektedir. Bütün bu özellikleri göz önüne alındığında sportif performansın gelişmesinde potansiyel etkilerinin olabileceği göz ardı edilmemelidir. Bu derleme yazısının amacı L-arjinin suplementasyonunun egzersiz performansı üzerindeki olası etkileri ile ilgili literatürün incelenmesidir
143-157

REFERENCES

References: 

Ahrendt, D. (2001). Ergogenic Aids: Counseling the Athlete. Am Fam Physician, 63,913-22.
Alba-Roth, J., Muller, O.A., Schopohl, J. & Von Werder, K. (1998). Arginine stimulatesgrowth hormone secretion

by suppressing endogenous soma-tostatin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 67(6), 1186-9.
Anderson, S. & Raiten, D. (1992). Safety of amino acids used as dietary supp¬lements: Life Sciences Research Office, FDA Contract No. 223-88¬2124.117-125.
Balon, T. & Nadler, J. (1994). Nitric oxide release is present from incubated skeletal muscle preparations. J Appl Physiol, 77,2519-21.
Balon, T. & Nadler, J. (1997). Evidence that nitric oxide increases glucose transport in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol, 82,359-363.
Barbul, A. (1986). "Arginine: Biochemistry, physiology, and therapeutic implications." J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 10(2), 227-38.
Bednarz, B., Jaxa-Chamiec, T., Gebalska, J., Herbaczynska-Cedro, K. & Ceremuzynski, L. (2004). L-arginine supplementation prolongs duration of exercise in congestive heart failu-re. Pol Heart J, 60(4), 348-53.
Bednarz, B.,Jaxa-Chamiec, T., Maciejewski, P., Szpajer, M., Janik, K., Gniot, J., Kawka-Urbanek.T. Drozdowska, D. Gessek, J. & Laskowski, H. (2005). Efficacy and safety of oral L-arginine in acute myo¬cardial infarction. Results of multi-center randomized, double- blind, p¬lacebo-controlled ARAM I pilot trial. Kardiol Pol, 62,421-6
Boger, R.H. & Bode-Boger, S.M. (2001). The clinical pharmacology of L-arginine. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 41,79-99.
Bucci, L. (1993). Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise. Wolinsky, I. & Hickson, J.F (eds). Nutrition and the Strength Athlete, Boca Raton, CRC Press.
Buford, B.N. & Koch, A.J. (2004) Glycine-arginine-alpha-ketoisocaproic acid improves performance of repeated cycling sprints. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36,583-587.
Burtscher, M., Brunner, F., Faulhaber, M., Hotter, B. & Rudolf, L. (2005). The prolonged intake of L-arginine L-aspartate reduces blood lactate ac¬cumulation and oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise. J Sport Sci Med, 4,314-322.
Campbell, B., La Bounty, P. & Roberts, M. (2004). The Ergogenic Potential of Ar¬ginine. J IntSoc Sport Nut, 1(2),35¬38.
Campbell, B., Roberts, M., B.S., Kerksick, C.& Wilborn, C. (2006). Pharmaco¬kinetics, safety, and effects on exer¬cise performance of L-arginine alfa-ketoglutarate in trained adult men. Nutrition,22,872-881.
Ceremuzynski,L. Chamiec.T. & Herbacynska-Cedro, K.(1997). Effect on supplemental oral L-arginine exer¬cise capacity in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol, 80, 331-33.
Champe, P.C. & Harvey, R.A. (1994). Biochemistry, J.B. Lippincott Company: Philadelphia, Chen, J., Wollman, Y, Chernichovsky.T., laina, A, Sofer, M. & Matzkin, H. (1999). Effect of oral administration of high-dose nitric oxide donor L-arginine in men with organic erectile dysfunc¬tion: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Study. BJU Int, 83(3), 269-73.
Cheng, J.W. & Balwin, S.N. (2001). L-arginine in the management of car-diovascular diseases. Ann Pharma-cother, 35,755-64.
Colombani, P.C., Bitzi, R., Frey-Rindova, P., Frey, W., Arnold,M., Langhans, W. & Wenk, C. (1999). Chronic arginine aspartate supplementation in

runners reduces total plasma amino acid level at rest and during a marathon run. Eur J Nutr, 38,263-70.
Cooke, J.P.&Tsao, P.S. (1997). Arginine: A new therapy for atherosclerosis? Circulation, 95,311-312.
Creager, M.A., Gallagher, S.J., Girerd, X.J., Coleman, S.M., Dzau, V.J. & Cooke, J.P. (1992). L-arginine im-proves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest, 90,1248-53.
Doutreleau, S., Mettauer, B., Piquard, R, Schaefer.A., Lonsdorfer.E., Richard, R. & Geny, B. (2005). Chronic but not acute oral L-arginine supplementati-on delays the ventilatory threshold during exercise in heart failure pati-ents. Can J Appl Physiol,30(4),419-432.
Doutreleau, S., Mettauer, B., Piquard, R, Rouyer, O., Schaefer.A., Lonsdorfer, J. & Geny, B. (2006). Chronic L- argi¬nine supplementation enhances en¬durance exercise tolerance in heart failure patients. Int J Sports Med, 27(7),567-72.
Esplugues, J.V. (2002). NO as a signalling molecule in the nervous system. Brit J Pharmacol, 135,1079 -1095.
Fisker, S., Nielsen, S., Ebdrup, L., Bech, J.N., Christiansen, J.S., Pedersen, E.B. & Jorgensen, J.O. (1999a). The role of nitric oxide in L-arginine stimu¬lated growth hormone release. J En¬docrinol Invest, 22, 89-93.
Fisker, S., Nielsen, S., Ebdrup, L., Bech, J.N., Christiansen, J.S., Pedersen, E. B. & Jorgensen, J.O. (1999 b). L-argi-
nine-induced growth hormone sec¬retion is not influenced by coinfusion of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine in healthy men. Growth Horm IGF Res 9,69-73.
Flakoll,P.,Sharp,R.,Baier,S.,Levenhagen, D., Carr, C. & Nissen,S.(2004). Effect of beta-hyd roxy-betamethy I buty rate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body com¬position, and protein metabolism in-elderly women. Nutrition, 20,445-51. Giugliano, D., Marfella, R., Verrazzo, G., Acampora.R.,Coppola,L.&Cozzolino D.(1997). The vascular effects of L-arginine in humans. J Clin lnvest,99, 433-438.
Green, S.J., Mellouk.S. & Hoffman, S.L. (1990).Cellular mechanisms of non-specific immunity to intracellular in-fection: cytokine induced synthesis of toxic nitrogen oxides from L-arginine by macrophages and hepatocytes. Immunol Lett, 25(1-3), 15-9.
Gremion.G., Palud.P. &Gobelet,C. (1989). Arginine aspartate and muscular acti¬vity. Parti I. SchweizerZeitschriftfur Sportmedizin, 37,241-246.
Hurson, M., Regan M.C., Kirk, S.J., Wasserkrug, H.L. & Barbul, A. (1995). Metabolic effects of arginine in a healthy elderly population. J parenter Enteral Nutr, 19(3), 227-30.
Huynh, NT. & Tayek, J.A. (2002). Oral arginine reduces systemic blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: Its po-tential role in nitric oxide generation. J Am Coll Nutri, 21 (5),422-7.
Isidori.A., Monaco A.L. & Cappa, M. (1981). A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administra-tion of amino acids. Curr Med Re-search and Opinion, 7(7), 475-481.
Juhn, M.S. & Tarnopolsky, M. (1998). Oral creatine supplementation and athle¬tic performance: Acritical review. Clin J Sport Med, 8,286 -297.
Kindig, C.A., McDonough, P., Erickson, H. H. & Poole, D.C. (2001). Effect of L-NAME on oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy-intensity exercise in the horse. J Appl Physiol, 91,891-96.
Kirk, S.J, Hurson, M., Regan, M.C., Holt,

D.R., Wasserkrug, H.L. & Barbul, A. (1993).Arginine stimulates wound he¬aling and immune function in elderly human beings. Surgery,114(2),155-9.
Lambert, M.I., Hefer, J.A., Millar, R.P. & Macfarlane, P.W. (1993). Failure of commercial oral amino acid supple-ments to increase serum growth hor¬mone concentrations in male body¬builders. Int J Sport Nutr,3,298-305.
Lawrence, M., & Kirby, D. (2002). Nutrition and sports supplements: Fact or fiction. J Clin Gastro, 35,299-306.
Lin, W.T., Yang, S.C., Tsai, S.C., Huang, C.C. & Lee, N.Y (2006). L-Arginine attenuates xanthine oxidase and m-yeloperoxidase activities in hearts of rats during exhaustive exercise. Brit J Nut, 95(1), 67-75.
Maccario, M., Procopio, M., Loche, S., Cappa, M., Martina, V., Camanni, F. & Ghigo, E. (1994). Interaction of free fatty acids and arginine on growth hormone secretion in man. Metabo¬lism, 43,223-226.
Marcell, T.J., Taaffe, D.R., Hawkins, S.A., Tarpenning, K.M., Pyka, G., Kohlmeier.L., Wiswell,R.A.& Marcus, R.(1999). Oral arginine does not sti-mulate basal or augment exercise -induced GH secretion in either young or old adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci MedSci, 54,395-399.
Maxwell, A.J., Ho, H.V., Le, C.Q., Lin, P.S., Bernstein.D. & Cooke, J.P.(2001). L-arginine enhances aerobic exercise capacity in association with augmen¬ted nitric oxide production. J Appl Physiol, 90, 933-938.
Merimee, T.J., Rabinowitz, D., Riggs, L., Burgess, J.A., Rimoin, D. L. & Mc Kusick.V.A. (1967). Plasma growth hormone after arginine infusion. Cli-nical experiences. N Engl J M e d , 276,434-439.
Merimee, T.J., Rabinowitz, D. & Fineberg,
S.E. (1969). Arginine-initiated release of human growth hormone:factors modifying the response in normal man. N Engl J Med, 280,1434-1438.
Mills, P.C., Marlin, D.J., Scott, CM. & Smith, N.C. (1999). Metabolic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition dur¬ing exercise in the horse. Res Vet Sci, 66,135-138.
Mohr, S., Stamler, J.S. & Brune, B. (1996). Posttranslational modification of gly-ceraldehyde- 3 -phosphate dehydro¬genase by S-nitrosylation and sub¬sequent NAD H attachment. J Biol Chem,271, 4209-4214.
Morris, C. R., Morris, S.M., Hagar, W., Van Warmerdam J., Claster, S., Kepka -Lenhart, D., Machado, L., Kuypers.F. A. & Vichinsky, E.P. (2003). Arginine therapy: A new therapy for pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease? Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168(1), 63-69.
Mùhling, J., Fuchs, M., Fleck, C, Sablotzki.A., Krùll, M., Dehne, M.G., Gonter, J., Weiss, S., Engel, J. & Hempelmann, G. (2002). Effects of arginine, L- alanyl L-glutamine or tau¬rine on neutrophil (PMN) free amino acid profiles and immune functions in vitro. Amino Acids, 22(1 ),39-53.
Nagaya, N., Uematsu, M., Oya, H., Sato N, Sakamaki, F., Kyotani, S., Ueno, K., Nakanishi, N., Ymagishi, M. & Miyatake, K. (2001). Short-term oral administration of L-arginine improves hemodynamics and exercise capa¬city in patients with precapillary pul¬monary hypertension. Am J Res-pir Crit Care Med, 163,887-91.
Nielsen, H.B., Clemmesen, J.O., Skak, C, Ott, P. & Scher, N.H. (2002). Attenu-ated hepatosplanchnic uptake of lac¬tate during intense exercise in hu¬mans. J Appl Physiol, 92(4), 1677¬1683.

Oomen, CM., van Erk, M.J., Feskens, E.J., Kok, F.J. & Kromhout, D. (2000). Arginine intake and risk of coronary heart disease mortality in elderly men. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol,20(9), 2134-2139.
Paddon-Jones, D., Borsheim, E. & Wolfe, R.R.(2004). Potential ergogenic ef¬fects of arginine and creatine supp-lementation.J Nutr, 134.2888S2894S.
Palmer, J.P., Walter, R.M. & Ensinck, J.W. (1975). Arginine-stimulated acute phase of insulin and glucagon sec¬retion. I. in normal man. Diabetes, 24,735-740.
Palmer, R.M., Ferrige,A.G. & Moneada, S. (1987). Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature, 327(6122), 524-526.
Reíd, M.B. (1998). Role of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle: synthesis, distri-bution and functional importance. Acta Physiol Scan, 162,401-409.
Reiser, P.J., Kline, W.O. & Vaghy, P.L. (1997). Induction of neuronal type nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle by chronic electrical stimu-lation in vivo. J Appl Physiol, 82, 1250-1255
Saitoh, S., & Suzuki, M. (1986). Nutritional design for repletion of liver and muscle glycogen during endurance exercise without inhibiting lipolysis. J NutrSciVitaminol, 32,343-353.
Sales, R.P., César Miné, CE., Franco, A. D. & Rodrigues, E.L. (2005). Effects of the acute arginine aspartate supp¬lement on the muscular fatigue in trained volunteers, Rev Bras Med Esporte, 11 (6), 347-351.
Santos, R.S., Pacheco, M.T., Martins, R., Villaverde, A.B., Giana, H.E., Baptista, F. & Zangara, R.A. (2002). Study of the effect of oral adminis-tration of L-arginine on muscular per¬formance in healthy volunteers: an isokinetic study. Isokinet Exerc Sci,
10,153-8.
Schaefer, A., Piquard, F., Geny, B., Doutreleau, S., Lampert, E., Mettauer, B. & Lonsdorfer, J. (2002). L-Arginine reduces exercise-induced increase in plasma lactate and am-monia. Int J Sports Med, 23,403-407.
Stamler, J.S. & Meissner, G. (2001). Phy¬siology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev, 81(1), 209-237.
Stead, L.M., Au, K.P., Jacobs, R.L., Brosnan, M.E. & Brosnan, J.T.(2001). Methylation demand and homo¬cysteine metabolism: effects of die¬tary provision of creatine and guanidi-neacetate. Am J Physiol, 281,E1095 -E1100.
Suminski, R.R. (1997). Acute effect of amino acid ingestion and resistance exercise on plasma growth hormone concentrations in young men. Int J Sport Nutr, 7(1), 48-60.
Swanson, B., Keithley, J.K., Zeller, J.M. & Sha, B.E. (2002). A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of supplemental arginine to enhance immune functi¬on in persons with HIV/AIDS. Nutrition, 18(7-8), 688-690.
Tachibana, K., Mukai, K. Hiraoka, I., Moriguchi, S.,Takama, S. & Kishino, Y. (1985). Evaluation of the effect of arginine-enriched amino acid solu-tion on tumor growth. J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 9(4), 428-434.
Thomas, G.D. & Victor, R.G. (1998). Nitric oxide mediates contraction- induced attenuation of sympathetic vaso¬constriction in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol, 506,817-826.
Tong, B.& Barbul, A. (2004). Cellular and Physiological Effects of Arginine. Mini-Rev Med Chem, 4,823-832.
Vandenberghe, K., Goris, M., Van Hecke, P., Van Leemputte, M., Vangerven, L.

&Hespel, P. (1997). Long-term crea-tine intake is beneficial to muscle performance and pharmacokinetic considerations. J Appl Physiol, 83, 2055-2063.
Van Haeften, T.W., Voetberg, G.A., Gerich, J.E. & van der Veen, E.A. (1989). Dose response charac-teristics for arginine-stimulated insulin secretion in man and influence of hyperglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 69,1059-64.
Visek, W.J. (1986). Arginine needs phy-siological state and usual diets: A réévaluation. J Nutr, 116, 36-46.
VolekJ.S., Duncan N.D., Mazzetti S.A. & Putukian M.(1999). Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistan¬ce training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31,1147-1156.
Volpi, E., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Mittendorfer, B. & Wolfe, R.R. (2003) Essential amino acids stimu¬late muscle protein anabolism in healthy older adults regardless of the presence of non-essential amino a¬cids. Am J Clin Nutr, 78,250-258.
Walberg-Rankin, J., Hawkins, C, Fild, D. & Sebolt, D. (1994). The effect of oral
arginine during energy restriction in male weight trainers. J Strength Cond Res, 8(3), 170-177.
Walker, J.B. (1979). Creatine:biosynthe-sis, regulation,and function. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol, 50, 177-242.
Weidenbach, H., Nussler, A.K., Shu, Z., Adler, G. & Beckh, K. (1997). Nitric oxide formation lowers norepine-phrine-induced intrahepatic resistan¬ce without major effects on the me¬tabolism in the perfused rat liver. Hepatology, 26(1), 147-54.
Wells, B.J., Mainous, A.G. & Everett, C.J. (2005) Association between dietary arginine and C-reactive protein. Nut-rition, 121(2), 125-130.
Wolin, M.S., Hintze, T.H., Shen, W., Mohazzab-H, K.M.& Xie.Y.W. (1997). Involvement of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in signaling mec-hanisms that control tissue respira-tion in muscle. Biochemical So¬ciety Transactions, 25(3), 934-39.
Wolinsky, I. & Hickson, J.F. (1998). Nutrition in Exercise and Sport, Second Edition. Nutrition and the Strength Athlete,
Wolinsky I. & Hickson J. F.. Boca Raton, CRC Press. Wu, G. & Morris, S.M. (1998). Arginine metabolism: Nitric oxide and beyond. Biochem J, 336(1), 1-17.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com