Buradasınız

CONOTOXINS- POTENTIAL MARINE SUBSTANCES: AN OVERVIEW

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Abstract (2. Language): 
Cone snails are predatory marine animals that kill their prey with powerful venom. Conotoxins are a pharmacologically and chemically diverse group of toxins found in the venom. A number of species of cone snails, such as Conus geographus, are deadly to humans. Conotoxins affect numerous neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels in the body. Conotoxins produced by cone snail contain a tremendously diverse natural pharmacology. Conotoxins contains hundreds of different compounds, and its exact composition varies widely from one species of cone snail to another. Some cone snail venoms also contain a pain‐reducing toxin, which the snail uses to pacify the victim before immobilising and then killing it.Concerns in the homeland security field exist that certain conotoxins could be weaponized and used an aerosol. Conotoxins at risk of terrorist use include α-conotoxins, κ- conotoxins and δ-conotoxins. Most conotoxins are not a bioterrorism threat.
146
153

REFERENCES

References: 

1. Wilkins WK Facts about cone shells.
Helium.
2. Newcomb R. and Miljanich G:
Neurotoxins of Cone Snail Venoms
Handbook of Neurotoxicology. 2002; 617-
651.
3. http://www.theconesnail.com/meet-thesnails/
taxonomy
4. http://www.theconesnail.com/explorecone-
snails
5. http://www.theconesnail.com/explorecone-
snails/prey/piscivores
6. Johnson CR and Stablum W:
Observations on the Feeding Behavior of
Conus geographus (Gastropoda:
Toxoglossa). Pac Sci 1971; 25:109–111.
7. Olivera BM, Miljanich GP, Ramachandran
J and Adams ME: Calcium channel diversity
and neurotransmitter release: the omegaconotoxins
and omega-agatoxins. Annu Rev
Biochem 1994; 63:823–867.
8. Terlau H and Olivera BM: Conus venoms:
A rich source of ion channel‐targeted
peptides. 2004; Physiol. Rev 84:41–68.
9. Cruz LJ, White J. Handbook of Clinical
Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons.
1995; 117–127.
10. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article
/769638-overview#a0199
11. Haddad V, Paula Neto JB and Cobo VJ:
Venomous mollusks: the risks of human
accidents by conus snails (gastropoda:
conidae) in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop
2006; 39: 498-500.
12. Fegan D and Andresen D: Conus
geographus envenomation. Lancet 1997;
349: 1672.
13. Rice RD and Halstead BW: Report of
fatal cone shell sting by Conus geographus
Linnaeus. Toxicon 1968; 5: 223-224.
14. Fernandez I, Valladolid G, Varon J and
Sternbach G: Encounters with venomous
sea-life. J Emerg Med 2011; 40: 103-112.
15. Whyte JM and Endean R:
Pharmacological Investigation of the
Venoms of Marine Snails Conus Textile and
Conus Geographus. Toxicon 1962; 1: 25-31.
16. Endean R, Parish G and Gyr P:
Pharmacology of the venom of Conus
geographus. Toxicon 1974; 12: 131-138.
17. Olivera BM, Rivier J, Scott JK, Hillyard DR
and Cruz LJ: Contoxins. J Biol Chem 1991;
266: 22067-22070.
18. Classification Schemes Used in
Conoserver. Conoserver.
Review Article CODEN: IJPRNK ISSN: 2277-8713
Jineetkumar Gawad, IJPRBS, 2013; Volume 2(5):146-153 IJPRBS
Available Online at www.ijprbs.com
153
19. Gray WR, Luque A, Olivera BM, Barrett J
and Cruz LJ: Peptide toxins from Conus
geographus venom. J Biol Chem 1981; 256:
4734-4740.
20. Azam L and McIntosh JM: Alphaconotoxins
as pharmacological probes of
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Acta
Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30: 771-783.
21. Shen GS, Layer RT and McCabe RT:
Conopeptides: From deadly venoms to
novel therapeutics., Drug Discov Today
2000; 5:98‐106.
22. Olivera BM, Rivier J, Clark C, Ramilo C,
Corpuz GP, Abogadie FC, Mena EE,
Woodward SR, Hillyard DR and Cruz LJ:
Diversity of Conus neuropeptides. Science
19990; 249: 257–263.
23. Becker S and Terlau H: Toxins from cone
snails: properties, applications and
biotechnological production. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol 2008; 79: 1-9.
24. Essack M, Bajic VB and Archer JA:
Conotoxins that confer therapeutic
possibilities. Mar Drugs 2012; 10: 1244-
1265.
25. Anderson PD: Bioterrorism: toxins as
weapons. J Pharm Pract 2012; 25: 121- 129.
26. http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/To
xins/Conotox.html
27. Roy CJ, Reed DS and Hutt JA:
Aerobiology and inhalation exposure to
biological select agents and toxins. Vet
Pathol 2012; 47: 779-789.
28. http://www.selectagents.gov/Select%20
Agents%20and%20Toxins%20
Exclusions.html
29. http://www.selectagents.gov/Select%20
Agents%20and%20Toxins%20List. Html
30. International Cyanide Management
Code for the Gold Mining Industry.
Environmental and Health Effects of
Cyanide.
31. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Botulism: Background
Information for Clinicians. Emergency
Preparedness and Response.
32. Zhang JC, Sun L and Nie QH: Botulism,
where are we now Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010;
48: 867-879.
33. Peter D. Anderson and Gyula Bokor:
Conotoxins: Potential weapons from sea J
Bioterr Biodef 2012, 3: 1-4.
34. Hao Hu, Pradip K and Mark Yandell:
Elucidation of the molecular envenomation
strategy of the cone snail Conus geographus
through transcriptome sequencing of its
venom duct BMC Genomics 2012; 284: 1-
23.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com