KRONİK KARACİĞER HASTALIĞI VE PULMONER KOMPLİKASYONLAR

1. Albano G, Pugliese A, Stabile M, Sirimarco F, Arsieri R. Hydrops
foetalis caused by hepatic haemangioma. Acta Paediatr 1998;
87:1307-1309.
2. Andrade RJ, Martin-Palanca A, Fraile JM, Alcantara R, Carmona
C, Medina MC, Munoz V, Melqarejo F. Transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunt for the management of hepatic hydrothorax in
the absence of ascites. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;22:305-307.
3. Arguedas MR, Abrams GA, Krowka MJ, Fallon MB. Prospective
evaluation of outcomes and predictors of mortality in patients with
hepatopulmonary syndrome undergoing liver transplantation. Hepatology
2003;37:192-197.
4. Avendano CE, Flume PA, Baliga P, Lewin DN, Strange C, Reuben
A. Hepatopulmonary syndrome occurring after orthotopic liver
transplantation. Liver Transpl 2001;7:1081-1084.
5. Carter EP, Hartsfield CL, Miyazono M, Jakkula M, Morris KG Jr,
McMurtry IF. Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by nitric oxide during
hepatopulmonary syndrome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol
Physiol 2002; 283:346-353.
6. Castro M, Krowka MJ, Schroeder DR, Beck KC, Plevak DJ, Rettke
SR, Cortese DA, Wiesner RH. Frequency and clinical implications
of increased pulmonary artery pressures in liver transplant
patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1996; 71:543-551.
7. Cheng EY, Woehlck HJ. Pulmonary artery hypertension complicating
anesthesia for liver transplantation. Anesthesiology
1992;77:389-392.
8. De BK, Sen S, Biswas PK, Mandal SK, Das D, Das U, Guru S,
Bandyopadhyay K. Occurrence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in
Budd-Chiari syndrome and the role of venous decompression.
Gastroenterology 2002;122:897-903.
9. Dinh-Xuan AT. Endothelial modulation of pulmonary vascular tone.
Eur Respir J 1992; 5:757-762.
10. Garcia N Jr, Mihas AA. Hepatic hydrothorax: pathophysiology, diagnosis,
and management. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 38:52-58.
11. Gordon FD, Anastopoulos HT, Crenshaw W, Gilchrist B, McEniff
N, Falchuk KR, LoCicero J, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL, Trey C. The
successful treatment of symptomatic, refractory hepatic hydrothorax
with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Hepatology
1997; 25:1366-1369.
12. Gupta D, Vijaya DR, Gupta R, Dhiman RK, Bhargava M, Verma
J, Chawla YK. Prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhosis
and extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Am J Gastroenterol
2001; 96:3395-3399.
13. Herve P, Lebrec D, Brenot F, Simonneau G, Humbert M, Sitbon
O, Duroux P. Pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension.
Eur Respir J 1998; 11:1153-1166.
14. Hoeper MM, Krowka MJ, Strassburg CP. Portopulmonary hypertension
and hepatopulmonary syndrome. Lancet 2004;363:1461-
1468.
Kronik karaci¤er hastal›¤› ve pulmoner komplikasyonlar
‹stanbul T›p Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt / Volume: 69 • Say› / Number: 4 • Y›l/Year: 2006
- 129 -
15. Kakizaki S, Katakai K, Yoshinaga T, Higuchi T, Takayama H, Takagi
H, Nagamine T, Mori M. Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence
of ascites. Liver 1998;18:216-220.
16. Kennedy TC, Knudson RJ. Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and
orthodeoxia in cirrhosis. Chest 1977;72:305-509.
17. Kinasewitz GT, Keddissi JI. Hepatic hydrothorax. Curr Opin Pulm
Med 2003; 2:261-265.
18. Krowka MJ, Cortese DA. Pulmonary aspects of chronic liver disease
and liver transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc 1985; 60:407-418.
19. Krowka MJ, Cortese DA .Hepatopulmonary syndrome: an evolving
perspective in the era of liver transplantation. Hepatology
1990;11:138-142.
20. Krowka MJ, Dickson ER, Cortese DA. Hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Clinical observations and lack of therapeutic response to somatostatin
analogue. Chest 1993;104:515-521.
21. Krowka MJ, Plevak DJ, Findlay JY, Rosen CB, Wiesner RH,
Krom RA. Pulmonary hemodynamics and perioperative cardiopulmonary-
related mortality in patients with portopulmonary
hypertension undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Transpl
2000;6:443-450.
22. Krowka MJ, Porayko MK, Plevak DJ, Pappas SC, Steers JL,
Krom RA, Wiesner RH. Hepatopulmonary syndrome with progressive
hypoxemia as an indication for liver transplantation: case
reports and literature review. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:44-53.
23. Krowka MJ, Tajik AJ, Dickson ER, Wiesner RH, Cortese DA. Intrapulmonary
vascular dilatations (IPVD) in liver transplant candidates.
Screening by two-dimensional contrast-enhanced echocardiography.
Chest 1990; 97:1165-1170.
24. Krowka MJ, Wiseman GA, Burnett OL, Spivey JR, Therneau T,
Porayko MK, Wiesner RH. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: a prospective
study of relationships between severity of liver disease,
PaO(2) response to 100% oxygen, and brain uptake after (99m)Tc
MAAlung scanning. Chest 2000; 118:615-624.
25. Kuo PC, Johnson LB, Plotkin JS, Howell CD, Bartlett ST, Rubin
LJ. Continuous intravenous infusion of epoprostenol for the treatment
of portopulmonary hypertension. Transplantation 1997;
63:604-606.
26. Lange PA, Stoller JK. The hepatopulmonary syndrome. Ann Intern
Med 1995; 122:521-529.
27. Lasch HM, Fried MW, Zacks SL, Odell P, Johnson MW, Gerber
DA, Sandhu FS, Fair JH, Shrestha R. Use of transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic shunt as a bridge to liver transplantation in a
patient with severe hepatopulmonary syndrome. Liver Transpl
2001;7:147-149.
28. Lazaridis KN, Frank JW, Krowka MJ, Kamath PS. Hepatic
hydrothorax: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Am J
Med 1999;107:262-267.
29. Luo B, Abrams GA, Fallon MB. Endothelin-1 in the rat bile duct
ligation model of hepatopulmonary syndrome: correlation with
pulmonary dysfunction. J Hepatol 1998;29:571-578.
30. Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD, Peine CJ, Rank J, ter Borg
PC. Amodel to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular
intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology
2000;31:864-871.
31. McDonnell PJ, Toye PA, Hutchins GM. Primary pulmonary
hypertension and cirrhosis: are they related? Am Rev Respir Dis
1983; 127:437-441.
32. Mentes BB, Kayhan B, Gorgul A, Unal S. Hepatic hydrothorax in
the absence of ascites: report of two cases and review of the mechanism.
Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42:781-788.
33. Miksad R, de Ledinghen V, McDougall C, Fiel I, Rosenberg H.
Hepatic hydrothorax associated with vitamin a toxicity. J Clin
Gastroenterol 2002; 34:275-279.
34. Nolop KB. Massive hydrothorax complicating occult cirrhosis.
South Med J 1985;78:214-215.
35. Nunes H, Lebrec D, Mazmanian M, Capron F, Heller J, Tazi KA,
Zerbib E, Dulmet E, Moreau R, Dinh-Xuan AT, Simonneau G,
Herve P. Role of nitric oxide in hepatopulmonary syndrome in
cirrhotic rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:879-885.
36. Paramesh AS, Husain SZ, Shneider B, Guller J, Tokat I, Gondolesi
GE, Moyer S, Emre S. Improvement of hepatopulmonary
syndrome after transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunting:
case report and review of literature. Pediatr Transplant
2003;7:157-162.
37. Regev A, Yeshurun M, Rodriguez M, Sagie A, Neff GW, Molina
EG, Schiff ER. Transient hepatopulmonary syndrome in a patient
with acute hepatitis AJ Viral Hepat 2001; 8:83-86.
38. Riegler JL, Lang KA, Johnson SP, Westerman JH. Transjugular
intrahepatic portosystemic shunt improves oxygenation in hepatopulmonary
syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:978-983.
39. Robin ED, Laman D, Horn BR, Theodore J. Platypnea related to
orthodeoxia caused by true vascular lung shunts. N Engl J Med
1976; 294:941-943.
40. Rolla G, Brussino L, Colagrande P, Dutto L, Polizzi S, Scappaticci
E, Bergerone S, Morello M, Marzano A, Martinasso G, Salizzoni
M, Bucca C. Exhaled nitric oxide and oxygenation abnormalities
in hepatic cirrhosis. Hepatology 1997; 26:842-847.
41. Rubinstein D, Mc Innes IE, Dudley FJ. Hepatic hydrothorax in the
absence of clinical ascites: diagnosis and management. Gastroenterology
1985;88:188-191.
42. Sanyal AJ. The use and misuse of transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic
shunts. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2000;2:61-71.
43. Schenk P, Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Funk G, Lehr S, Kandel O, Muller
C. Hepatopulmonary syndrome: prevalence and predictive value
of various cut offs for arterial oxygenation and their clinical
consequences. Gut 2002;51:853-859.
44. Sese E, Xiol X, Castellote J, Rodriguez-Farinas E, Tremosa G.
Low complement levels and opsonic activity in hepatic hydrothorax:
its relationship with spontaneous bacterial empyema. J Clin
Gastroenterol 2003;36:75-77.
45. Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of the Liver and Bilier system. 11th
ed. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 2002; 81-86.
46. Siegerstetter V, Deibert P, Ochs A, Olschewski M, Blum HE,
Rossle M. Treatment of refractory hepatic hydrothorax with
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: long-term results
in 40 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol
2001;13:529-534.
47. Spencer EB, Cohen DT, Darcy MD. Safety and efficacy of transjugular
intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation for the treatment
of hepatic hydrothorax. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13:385-390.
48. Stoller JK, Moodie D, Schiavone WA, Vogt D, Broughan T, Winkelman
E, Rehm PK, Carey WD. Reduction of intrapulmonary
shunt and resolution of digital clubbing associated with primary
biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Hepatology
1990;11:54-58.
49. Strauss RM, Boyer TD. Hepatic hydrothorax. Semin Liver Dis
1997;17:227-232.
50. Strauss RM, Martin LG, Kaufman SL, Boyer TD. Transjugular
intrahepatic portal systemic shunt for the management of symptomatic
cirrhotic hydrothorax. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:1520-
1522.
51. Taille C, Cadranel J, Bellocq A, Thabut G, Soubrane O, Durand F,
Ichai P, Duvoux C, Belghiti J, Calmus Y, Mal H. Liver transplantation
for hepatopulmonary syndrome: A ten-year experience in
Paris, France. Transplantation 2003;75:1482-1489.
52. Taura P, Garcia-Valdecasas JC, Beltran J, Izquierdo E, Navasa M,
Sala-Blanch J, Mas A, Balust J, Grande L, Visa J. Moderate primary
pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing liver transplantation.
Anesth Analg 1996; 83:675-680.
53. Teuber G, Teupe C, Dietrich CF, Caspary WF, Buhl R, Zeuzem S.
Pulmonary dysfunction in non-cirrhotic patients with chronic viral
hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2002;13:311-318.
54. Vachiery F, Moreau R, Hadengue A, Gadano A, Soupison T, Valla
D, Lebrec D. Hypoxemia in patients with cirrhosis: relationship
with liver failure and hemodynamic alterations. J Hepatol 1997;
27: 492-495.
55. Xiol X, Castellvi JM, Guardiola J, Sese E, Castellote J, Perello A,
Cervantes X, Iborra MJ. Spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic
patients: Aprospective study. Hepatology 1996; 23:719-723.
56. Wong J, Vanderford PA, Fineman JR, Chang R, Soifer SJ. Endothelin-
1 produces pulmonary vasodilation in the intact newborn
lamb. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:1318-1325.