Expansion and Consolidation of Islam in Iran to the End of Qajar Period

1. Prof.Masudul Hasan, History of Islam, Vol I Adam Publishers, 1987, Delhi, p.99
2. Cyril Glasse, The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Stacey International, 1989,
London, p.407
3. Jurji Zaydan, History of Islamic Civilization, Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi,1987, p.37
4. Ibid, p.95
5. Prof.Masudul Hasan, History of Islam, Vol I Adam publishers, 1987, Delhi, p.110
6. Muhammad Husayn Haykal, Umar-al-Farooq, p.130
7. Muhammad Husayn Haykal, Umar-al-Farooq, p.130
8. R.N Frye, The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, Vol 4, 1975,
pp.46-47
9. Ibid, p.4
10. E.G Brown, A Literary History of Arabs, Vol 1, Cambridge University Press, 1928,
New York, p.252
Expansion and Consolidation of Islam in Iran to the End of Qajar Period 47
11. Ibid, pp.254-55
12. Foltz, Richard, Spirituality in the land of the Noble: How Iran shaped the world
Religion’s, Oxford: One World Publications, 2004, pp.123-127
13. Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, The Preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of
the Muslim faith, pp.170-180
14. Richard Frye, The Heritage of Persia, p.243
15. Bernard Lewis has beautifully summed up: "Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was
not Arabized. Persians remained Persians. And after an interval of silence, Iran
reemerged as a separate, different and distinctive element within Islam, eventually
adding a new element even to Islam itself. Culturally, politically, and most
remarkable of all even religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic
civilization is of immense importance. The work of Iranians can be seen in every
field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin
composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. In a sense,
Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to
as Islam-i Ajam. It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that
was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and
then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and of
course to India. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the
walls of Vienna...” E.G Brown, A Literary History of Persia, Vol I, Cambridge
University Press, New York, 1928, p.480
16. Prof. Masadul Hasan, History of Islam, Adam Publishers, Delhi, p.30
17. Opp.cit., p.111
18. John A.Boyle, Persia, History and Heritage, Henry Melland Limited, London, P.33
19. M. Ravandi, “The Seljuq Court at Konya and the Persianization of Anatolian
Cities”, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), (2005, pp.157-69
20. Opp.cit.,35
21. John A Boyle, Persia: History and Heritage, Henry Melland Limited,1987, London,
p.35
22. Ibid, p.36
23. David J Roxburg, The Persian Album, 1400-1600: From Dispersal to Collection,
Yale University Press, 2005, p.130
24. John A Boyle, Persia: History and Heritage, Henry Melland Limited, London, p.37
25. Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart, The Cambridge History of Persia, Cambridge
University Press, Vol 6, 1986, p.189
26. Ibid, p.642
27. Opp.cit., pp.30-40
28. Ibid, p.42
29. John A Boyle, Persia: History and Heritage, Henry Melland Limited, London,
1978, p.42
30. Ibid, p.43