Comparing Frequency of TV and Internet Use among African-American Students and Their Effects on Material Values and Sociability

References
Allen, R. L., &Hatchett, S. (1986). The media and social reality effects. Communication
Research, 13(1), 97-123. Arnett, J. J. (1995). Adolescents' uses of media for self-socialization. Journal of youth and
adolescence, 24(5), 519-533. Ball-Rokeach, S., Rokeach, M., &Grube, J. W. (1984). The great American values test:
Influencing behavior and belief through television. New York, NY: Free Press. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Banks-Wallace, J. A. (2002). Talk that talk: Storytelling and analysis rooted in African
American oral tradition. Qualitative Health Research, 12(3), 410-426. Bargh, J. A., McKenna, K. Y. A., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2002). Can you see the real me?
Activation and expression of the "true self1' on the Internet. Journal of Social Issues,
58(1), 33-48.
Beaudoin, C. E. (2009). Exploring the association between news use and social capital:
Evidence of variance by ethnicity and medium.Communication Research, 36(5), 611¬636.
Belk, R. W. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability,
validity, and relationships to measures of happiness. In T. C. Kinnear (Ed.), Advances in Consumer Research (Vol. 11, pp. 291-297). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
Bierman, J.A. (1990). The effect of television sports media on Black male youth.
Sociological Inquiry, 60(4), 413-427. Bowen, L. &Schmid, J. (1997).Minority presence and portrayal in mainstream magazine
advertising.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(1), 134-146. Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being.Chicago, IL: Alpine
Publishing Company.
Brock, A. (2012). From the Blackhand Side: Twitter as a Cultural Conversation. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56(4), 529-549. Cantril, H. (1965). The Pattern of Human Concerns. New Brunswick, Canada: Rutgers
University Press.
Carey, J. W. (2008). Communication as culture, revised edition: Essays on media and society. Routledge.
© Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
34
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
Volume: 5 - Issue: 1 - January - 2015
CH II Publishers. (2001). News and views; African-American Internet users are a highly educated group. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 31, 48.
Chen, J. V., Chen, C. C., & Yang, H. H. (2008).An empirical evaluation of key factors contributing to Internet abuse in the workplace.Industrial Management & Data Systems, 108(1), 87-106.
Consumer Internet Barometer. (2009, September 8). TV viewing moves online. Retrieved from http://www.consumerinternetbarometer.com/press.cfm
Correa, T., &Jeong, S. H. (2011). Race and online content creation: Why minorities are
actively participating in the Web. Information, Communication & Society, 14(5), 638¬659.
Dawson-Andoh, N.A., Gray, J.J., Soto, J.A., & Parker, S. (2011). Body shape and size
depictions of African American women in JET magazine, 1953-2006.i?ody Image,
8(1), 86-89.
Dynan, K. E.,&Ravina, E. (2007). Increasing Income Inequality, External Habits, and Self-
Reported Happiness. American Economic Review. Retrieved from:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=956621 Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook "friends:" Social
capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer
Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168. Eschholz, S., Blackwell, B., Gertz, M., & Chiricos, T. (2002). Race and attitudes toward the
police: Assessing the effects of watching "reality" police programs. Journal of
Criminal Justice. 30(4), 327-341. Finn, S. (1997). Origins of media exposure: Linking personality traits to TV, radio, print, and
film use. Communication Research, 24(5), 507-529. Fodeman, D., & Monroe, M. (2009, June 1). The impact of Facebook on our students. Teacher
Librarian, 36(5), 6-40. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., &Signorielli, N. (1980). The "mainstreaming" of
America: Violence profile no. 11. Journal of Communication, 30(3), 10-29. Gilchrist, E. S., & Jackson, R. L. (2012).Articulating the heuristic value of African American
communication studies.Review of Communication, 12(3), 237-250. Gilliland, A. R., & Burke, R. S. (1926).A measure of sociability.Journal of Applied
Psychology, 10, 315-326. doi: 10.1037/h0071953
© Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
35
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
Volume: 5 - Issue: 1 - January - 2015
Gordon, M.K. (2008). Media Contributions to African American Girls' Focus on Beauty and Appearance: Exploring the Consequences of Sexual Objectification. Psychology of
Women Quarterly,32(3), 245-256. Greenberg, B.S., & Dominick, J.R. (1969).Racial and social class differences in teen-agers's
use of television.Journal of Broadcasting, 13(4), 331-344. Gurin, G., J. Veroff& S. Feld (1960).Americans View Their Mental Health: A nationwide
survey. New York, NY: Basic Books Inc. Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1998, April 17). Bridging the racial divide on the Internet.
Science, 280(5362), 390-391.
Holmes, G. (2008, February 23). TV, Internet and mobile usage in U.S. keeps increasing, says
Nielsen. Retrieved October 18, 2010, from
http://multivu.prnewswire.com/mnr/nielsenmediaresearch/37163/ Holt, L. F. (2013). Writing the Wrong Can Counter-Stereotypes Offset Negative Media
Messages about African Americans? Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly,
90(1), 108-125.
Inglehart, R. (1977). The silent revolution: Changing values and political styles among
Western publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Jeffres, L. W., &Perloff, R. M. (1997). Mass media effects. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
Press.
Jones, S. (2002). The Internet goes to college: How students are living in the future with
today. Washington, D.C.: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Karim, N. S. A., Zamzuri, N. H. A., &Nor, Y. M. (2009). Exploring the relationship between
Internet ethics in university students and the big five model of personality. Computers
& Education, 53(1), 86-93. Kean, L.G., Prividera, L.C., Boyce, A., & Curry, T. (2012).MediaUse, Media Literacy, and
AfricanAmerican Females' Food Consumption Patterns.Howard Journal of
Communications, 23(3), 197-214. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., &Scherlis, W. (1998).
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and
psychological well-being? American psychologist, 53(9), 1017-1031. Lee, E. B. (2014). Facebook Use and Texting Among African American and Hispanic
© Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
36
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
Volume: 5 - Issue: 1 - January - 2015
Teenagers: An Implication for Academic Performance. Journal of Black Studies,
45(2): 83-101.
Lee, M.J., Bichard, S.L., Irey, M.S., Walt, H.M., & Carlson, A.J. (2009): Television Viewing
and Ethnic Stereotypes: Do College Students Form Stereotypical Perceptions of
Ethnic Groups as a Result of Heavy Television Consumption? Howard Journal of
Communications, 20(1), 95-110. Lenhart, A., Rainie, L., & Lewis, R. (2001). Teenage life online: The rise of the instant-
message generation and the Internet's impact on friendship and family relationships.
Washington, D.C.: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Lyubomirsky, S. &Lepper, H.S. (1999). A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary
Reliability and Construct Validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137-155 McMillan, S. J., & Morrison, M. A. (2006). Coming of age with the internet: A qualitative
exploration of how the internet has become an integral part of young people's lives.
New Media and Society, 8(1), 73-95. McLeod, J., Sotirovic, M., &Holbert, R. L. (1998).Values as sociotropic judgments
influencing communication patterns. Communication Research, 25(5), 453-486. McLuhan, M. (1979). The medium is the message. In C. D. Mortensen (Ed.), Basic readings
in communication theory (2nded., pp. 390-402). New York, NY: Harper & Row Meyrowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place: The impact of electronic media on social behavior.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Miller, M. (2001).A snapshot of the class of 2001.Public Relations Tactics, 8(9), 21-22. Morgan, M. (1984).Heavy television viewing and perceived quality of life. Journalism
Quarterly, 61(3), 499-504.
Nie, N. H., &Erbring, L. (2002). Internet and society: A preliminary report. IT & Society, 1(1), 275-283.
Nie, N. H., Simpser, A., Stepanikova, I., & Zheng, L. (2005). Ten years after the birth of the
Internet, how do Americans use the Internet in their daily lives? Stanford, CA:
Stanford Institution for the Quantitative Study of Society. Nielsen Company. (2011, March, 10). State of the media: TV usage trends - Q3/Q4 2010.
Retrieved from http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/reports/2011/state-of-the-media-tv-
usage-trends-q3 -and-q4-2010.html Nielsen Company. (2013). Resilient, receptive and relevant: The African-American
© Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
37
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
Volume: 5 - Issue: 1 - January - 2015
Consumer 2013 report. Retrieved from http://nnpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/African-American-Consumer-Rep...
O'Brien, S. J. (2012). Facebook and other Internet use and the academic performance of college students. (Doctoral dissertation):ProQuest / UMI Dissertation Publishing.
Oehlberg, L., Ducheneaut, N., Thornton, J. D., Moore, R. J., Nickell, E. (2006). Social TV:
Designing for distributed, sociable television viewing.Proc. EuroITV, Athens, Greece. Retrieved from http://best.berkeley.edu/~lora/Publications/SocialTV_EuroITV06.pdf
Omi, M. &Winant, H. (1994). Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960's to the 1990's (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Park, D. &Villar, M.E. (2011). 'I want to be like people on TV': Effect of perceived realism, character admiration and frequency of sitcom and reality TV viewing among African-American Students. American Journal of Media Psychology, 4(1-4), 80-100.
Perse, E. M. (2001). Media effects andsociety.Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Pollay, R. W. (1986). The distorted mirror: Reflections on the unintended consequences of advertising. Journal of Marketing, 50(2), 18-36.
Richins, M. L. (1987). Media, materialism, and human happiness.Advances in Consumer Research, 14(1), 352-356.
Richins, M. L.& Dawson, S. (1992). Consumer Values Orientation for Materialism and Its
Measurement: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19,
303-316.
Robinson, J. P., Kestnbaum, M., Neustadtl, A., & Alvarez, A. (2000). Mass media use and social life among Internet users. Social Science Computer Review, 18(4), 490-501.
Robinson T.N., Matheson D.M., Kraemer H.C, Wilson, D. M., Obarzanek, E., Thompson, N.S., Killen, J.D., (2010). Arandomized controlled trial of culturally tailored dance and reducing screen time to prevent weight gain in low-income African American girls: Stanford GEMS.Archives of Pediatricand Adolescent Medicine, 164(11):995-1004. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.197.
Roberts, D.F.,&Foehr, U.G. (2008).Trends in Media Use.The Future ofChildren, 18(1), 11-37.
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009). Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in Human
Behavior, 25(2), 578-586.
Sampselle, C. (2007). Nickel-and-dimed in America: Underserved, understudied, and
© Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
38
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
Volume: 5 - Issue: 1 - January - 2015
underestimated.Family & Community Health, 30(1), S4-S14. Schor, J.B. (1998). The overspent American: Upscaling, downshifting, and the new consumer.
New York, NY: Basic Books. Schudson, M. (1984).Advertising, the uneasy persuasion: its dubious impact on American
society. New York, NY: Basic Books. Schramm, W., & Roberts, D. F. (Eds.).(1971). The process and effects of mass
communication.Urbana, IL, University of Illinois Press. Sirgy M. J., Lee D-J., Kosenko R., Meadow H. L., Rahtz D., Cicic M., Wright N. (1998).
Does television viewership play a role in the perception of quality of life? Journal of
Advertising, 27(1), 125-142. Smith, A. (2010). Mobile access 2010.Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved
from http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Mobile-Access-2010.aspx Song, I., Larose, R., Eastin, M. S., & Lin, C. A. (2004). Internet gratifications and Internet
addiction: On the uses and abuses of new media. CyberPsychology& Behavior, 7(4),
384-394.
Soule, L. C., Shell, L. W., &Kleen, B. A. (2003).Exploring Internet addiction: Demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy Internet users. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(1), 64-73.
Story, L. (2007, January 15). Anywhere the eye can see, it's now likely to see an Ad. The New
York Times, 1.
Stroman, C.A. (1986).Television viewing and self-concept among Black children. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30(4), 87-93. Stroman, C.A. (1991).Television's role in the socialization of African-American children and
adolescents. The Journal of Negro Education, 60(3), 314-327. Swickert, R. J., Hittner, J. B., Harris, J. L., & Herring, J. A. (2002). Relationships among
Internet use, personality, and social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(4),
437-451.
Timm, D. M., &Duven, C. J. (2008). Privacy and social networking sites.New Directions for
Student Services, 2008(124), 89-101.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2010). American time use survey (ATUS) - 2009
Results. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/tus Valkenburg, P. M., &Soeters, K. E. (2001).Children's positive and negative experiences with
© Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
39
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
Volume: 5 - Issue: 1 - January - 2015
the Internet. Communication Research, 28(5), 652-675. Ward, L. M. (2004). Wading through the stereotypes: Positive and negative associations between media use and black adolescents' conceptions of self. Developmental
Psychology, 40(2), 284-293.
Watkins, S. C. (2000). Black youth and the mass media: Current research and emerging questions. African American Research Perspectives, 6(1), 1-7.
Wellman, B., Haase, A. Q., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase,
decrease, or supplement social capital. American behavioral scientist, 45(3), 436¬455.
Whitty, M. T. (2008). Liberating or debilitating? An examination of romantic relationships,
sexual relationships and friendships on the Net.Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5),
1837-1850.
Women's Health Weekly Staff. (2009, May 14). BlogHer finds women online twice as likely to use blogs over social networking sites as trusted source of information; Shift away from traditional media continues. Women's Health Weekly, 275.
Zinkhan, G. M. (1994). Advertising, materialism, and quality of life.Journal of Advertising,
23(2), 1-4.