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MİMARLIK VE KENTSEL TASARIMDA BENZEŞİM MODELLERİ

ANALOGICAL MODELS IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN

Journal Name:

  • Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi

Publication Year:

  • 1988

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Keywords (Original Language):

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Abstract (2. Language): 
In an earlier article, "Function of Tacit Knowing in Learning to Design!' (Abel, 1981c), I suggested that design researchers need to pay more attention to the way architects actually create their designs, rather than relying on the idealized models of design processes dreamed up by themselves. This article is intended to help fill that need, and outlines the major types of analogical models used by architects, together with some straightforward explanations of the main concepts involved. The assumptive philosophy underpinning the approach is based in part on what I have called "critical relativism" (Abel, 1980b), a philosophy best known by the works of Thomas Kuhn (1962; 1977) and Paul Feyerabend (1975). Other key sources include the writings of Gİanbattista Vico (1968), George Herbert Mead (1934) and Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) on language, Ernst Cassirer (1955) on culture-forms, Michael Polanyi (1958; 1966; 1975) on tacit knowledge, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1976) and Jurgen Habermas (1968) on hermeneutics, and Arthur Koestler (1964), Donald Schon (1963), Gordon Pask (1976) and othe'rs on metaphorical theories of innovation. This article therefore brings together in a simplified and summary form many of those theoretical constructs whose relevance for architectural theory I have explained elsewhere at greater length (Abel, 1968; 1980; 1981a; 1981b; 1981c; 1982a; 1982b; 1984; 1986a; 1986b), and which comprise the main elements of a comprehensive theory of architecture, and by extension, architectural education. It is also acknowledged here that architecture and urban design are historically related through the use of similar theoretical models, architects being influential at the larger scale of design activity. Though most of the examples given are drawn from Western architecture, the approach is suitable in principle for understanding other forms, particularly in the Muslim world, where there has been considerable cultural exchange with the West in past history as well as in the present.
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Abstract (Original Language): 
Mimarlık.ve kentsel tasarım kuramı dersine giriş olarak 1984 yılında hazırlanan bu makale, eleştirel görecelik (critical relativism) ve benzetmecı (metaphorical) yaratıcılık kuramları konularında, yazarın daha önceki yazılarına dayanmaktadır. Mimarlık konularının, alışılagelen şekilde bina tipi, teknoloji, estetik, gibi ayrı başlıklar altında incelenmesi, özelleşen bazı çalışmalar için yararlı olabilir. Ancak bu ne mimarlığın bütüncü (holistic) karakterini açıklayabilir, ne de öğrencilerin tasarlamalarına yardım eder. Gerekli olan, mimarlığın farklı yönlerini kaynaştırarak bütün haline getirecek "bütünleştirici fikirler"dir (integrating, ideas). Kuramsal modellerin sunduğu yorumsal çerçeve, mimarların tasarıma yaklaşımlarını tutarlı bir fikirler ve değerler sistemi olarak şekillendirmelerine yardım edecektir. Bilimde de bütün kuramsal modeller, iki ayn şey arasındaki benzetmeye (analogies) dayanır: tanıdık bir kavram (kaynak fikir) ve çözüm bekleyen şey. Böylece kuramlar, dünyamızın bir yönüyle ilgili belirsizlikleri azaltmaya, ve bu dünyayla ilişkimizi daha etkili bir hale getirmeye yardım eder. Modeller bizce bilinen birşeyle kurdukları ilinti yoluyla bu sonuca ulaşırlar. Mimarlık ve kentsel tasarımda kullanılan benzetim modelleri aynen bu şekilde işlev görürler. Burada bilinmeyen, tasarlanacak bina, yani mimarın binayı yaratırken gözönüne alması gereken bütün değişik faktörler arasındaki ilişkiler sistemidir. Mimara pratik bir yol gösterici olma niteliklerinden dolayı, benzetim modelleri, reçete gibi işlev görürler; diğer bir deyimle, mimarlara neyi, nasıl inşa etmeleri konulannda fikir verirler. Bir kez tanımladıktan sonra, aynı modeller bir mimarın, bir binayı neden başka bir şekilde değil de yapmış olduğu şekilde tasarladığını açıklamada kullanılabilir. Bu kullanımlarıyla, benzetim modelleri, açıklayıcı olmaktadırlar. Burada, onbeş değişik andırışsal model tanımlanmakta, tarihte ve yakın zamandaki kullanımlarıyla ilgili örnekler verilmektedir. Bunlar içinde belirgin iki ana tip vardır: mimarlara doğrudan biçimsel imgeler (formal imagery) sunanlar ve daha yaygınlıkla genellikle çok değişik süreçleri içerenler. İlk gruptaki onbir model: Tinsel Model; Klasik Model; Askeri Model; Ütopik Model; Mekanik Model; Artistik Model; Dilbilimsel Model; Ticari Model; Kimlik (identity) Modeli; ve Kendin-Yap (self-build) Modeli; ikinci gruptakiler ise Bilimsel Model; Sistem Modeli; Anlambilimsel (semiotic) Model ve Yasal Model. ANALOGICAL MODELS IN ARCHITECTURE (METU JFA 1988) 183 Sonuç bölümünde mimarların neden belirli bir model seçtikleri konusu tartışıldıktan sonra, belli örneklerin seçilmesi yoluyla tasanm bilgisinin transferinde, mimarlık alt-kültürlerinin rolü açıklanmaktadır. Mimarlık eğitiminde süreç modellerinin açıklayıcı değeri vurgulanırken, tasarım fikirlerinin oluşması için gerekli olan, daha geleneksel, biçimsel modellerin gözardı ediimemesi istenmektedir.
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