Buradasınız

Kauçuk Türü Malzemeler: Şekil Değiştirme Hızı Etkileri

Rubber-Like Materials: Strain Rate Effects

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Author Name
Abstract (2. Language): 
For rubber-like materials the mechanical behavior is strongly dependent on strain rate. Many of the deformation process for rubber-like materials are occurred at higher strain rate than applicable strain rate at conventional testing machine. For this reason, mechanical properties which are obtained from conventional testing machines can not be used for higher strain rate applications. So, operating strain rate for rubber-like materials must be known and mechanical properties of materials must be determined at this strain rate. This situation, especially, is important for mathematical modeling of rubber-like materials. In this study, firstly, experimental techniques and equipment employed for determining the mechanical behavior of rubber-like materials at different strain rates in tensile and compressive loading are presented. After then experimental studies of rubber-like materials for different strain rates in literature are reviewed. Experimental studies are separated as quasi-static, dynamic-low, dynamic-high and high velocity impact.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Kauçuk türü malzemelerin mekanik özellikleri malzemeye uygulanan şekil değiştirme hızıyla değiştirmektedir. Uygulamadaki deformasyon proseslerinde kauçuk türü malzemeler konvansiyonel test cihazlarında test edilen şekil değiştirme hızlarından daha yüksek hızlarda deforme edilmektedir. Bu sebeple konvansiyonel test cihazlarından elde edilen mekanik özellikler yüksek şekil değiştirme hızları için kullanılamaz. Dolayısıyla malzemenin deformasyonundaki şekil değiştirme hızı bilinmeli bu hızda malzemenin mekanik özellikleri belirlenmelidir. Özellikle bu durum malzemenin davranışını matematiksel olarak modelleyebilmek için önem arz etmektedir. Hazırlanan çalışmada, öncelikle, kauçuk türü malzemelerin çekme ve basma deformasyonu altındaki mekanik özelliklerini belirlemek için uygulanan deneysel teknik ve cihazlar sonrasında ise literatürde kauçuk türü malzemeler için yapılan deneysel çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalar yarı-statik, düşük hızdaki dinamik, yüksek hızdaki dinamik ve yüksek hızdaki darbeli deneysel çalışmalar olarak ayrılmıştır.
265
281

REFERENCES

References: 

Al-Maliky,
N
. and Parry, D.J. 1994. Measurement of High-Strain Rate Properties of Polymers Using an Expanding Ring Method. Journal de Physique IV. 4 (C8), 71-76.
Al-Maliky, N.
an
d Parry, D.J. 1996. A Freely Expanding Ring Technique for Measuring the Tensile Properties of Polymers. Measurement Science and Technology. (7),
746-752.
Albertoni, G.J. 1937. Impact Machine for Rubber Testing. Determining the Stress-Strain Diagram at High Speed. Industial and Engineering Chemistry. Analytical Edition. 9 (1), 30-34.
Anonim, 2005. Testing at High Strain Rates. Axel Producst Testing Brief. Ann Arbor, MI, Axel Products Inc.
Bacon, C. 1998. An Experimental Method for Considering Dispersion and Attenuation in a Viscoelastic Hopkinson Bar. Experimental Mechanics. 38 (4), 242-249.
Bekar, I., Hoo Fatt M.S. and Padovan J. 2002. Deformation and Fracture of Rubber Under Tensile Impact Loading. Tire Science and Technology Journal. 30 (1), 45-58.
Bell, J.F. 1973. The Experimental Foundations of Solid Mechanics. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Bergström,
J.S
. and Boyce, M.C. 1997. "Time-Dependence of Elastomeric Materials: Experiments and Modeling" Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers. London, İngiltere.
Bergström, J.S. and Boyce, M.C. 1998. Constitutive
Modelin
g of the Large Strain Time-Dependent Behavior of Elastomers. Journal of the Mechanical Physics of Solids. 46 (5), 931-954.
Bouasse, H. and Carriere, Z. 1903. Courbes de Traction du Caoutchouc Vulcanize. Annales de la Faculte des Sciences.
(5), 257-283.
Carrington, W.E. and Gayler, M.L.V. 1948. The Use of Flat Ended Projectiles for Determining Yield Stress. III: Changes in Microstructure Caused by Deformation at High Striking Velocities. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Mathematical and Physical Sciences. (194), 323-331.
Chen, W., Zhang, B. and Forrestal, M.J. 1999. A Split Hopkinson Bar Technique for Low-Impedance Materials. Experimental Mechanics. 39 (2), 81-85.
Chen, W., Lu, F. and Zhou, B. 2000. A Quartz-Crystal-Embedded Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar for Soft Materials. Experimental Mechanics. 40 (1), 1-6.
Chen, W., Lu, F., Frew, D.J. and Forrestal, M.J. 2002. Dynamic Compression Testing of Soft Materials. Journal of Applied Mechanics. (69), 214-223.
Cheng, M. and Chen, W. 2003. Experimental Investigation of the Stress-Stretch Behavior of EPDM Rubber with Loading Rate Effects. International Journal of Solids and Structures. (40), 4749-4768.
Chow, C.L. and Cundiff, C.H. 1987. On the Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates. Tire Science and Technology. 15 (2), 73-96.
Chree, C. 1886. Longitudinal Vibrations of a Circular Bar. Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. (21),
287-298.
Chree, C. 1889. The Equations of an Isotropic Elastic Solid in Polar and Cylindrical Coordinates: Their Solution and Application. Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. (14), 250-369.
Chree, C. 1890. On the Longitudinal Vibrations of Aelotropic Bars with One Axis of Symmetry. Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics. (24), 340-359.
Dannis, M.L. 1963. Stress-Strain Testing of Rubber at High Rates of Elongation. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 36
(1), 28-49.
Dart, F.E. and Guth, E. 1939. The Dependency of the Stress-Strain Relationship for Rubber Upon the Rates of Stretching. Physical Review. (55), 1141-1141.
Davies, R.M. 1948. A Critical Study of the Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 240 (821), 375-457.
Dioh, N.N., Leevers, P.S. and Williams, J.G. 1993. Thickness Effects in Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests. Polymer. (34),
4230-4234.
Dunn, B.W. 1897. A Photographic Impact Testing Machine for Measuring the Varying Intensity of an Impulsive Force. Journal of Franklin Institute. (144), 321-348.
Field, J.E., Walley, S.M., Bourne, N.K. and Huntley, J.M.
1998. "Review of Experimental Techniques for High Rate Deformation Studies" Proceedings of the Acoustics and Vibrations ASIA 98, Singapore. pp. 9-38.
Pamukkale University, Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2010
278
Kauçuk Türü Malzemeler: Şekil Değiştirme Hızı Etkileri
Follansbee, P.S.
1992
. High Strain Rate Testing. High Strain Rate Compression Testing. ASM Handbook. Volume 8: Mechanical Testing, pp. 190-207, ASM International, Ohio.
Frew, D.J., Forrestal, M.J. and Chen, W. 2002. Pulse-Shaping Techniques for Testing Brittle Materials with a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Experimental Mechanics. (42),
93-106.
Gale, A. and Mills, N.J. 1985. Effect of Polystyrene Foam Liner Density on Motorcycle Helmet Shock Absorption. Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications. 5 (2),
101-108.
Gary, G., Klepaczko, J.R. and Zhao, H. 1995. Generalization of Split Hopkinson Bar Technique to Use Viscoelastic Materials. International Journal of Impact Engineering.
(16), 529-530.
Gray, G.T., Blumenthal, W.R., Trujillo, C.P. and Carpenter, R.W. 1997. Influence of Temperature and Strain Rate on the Mechanical Behavior of Adiprene L-100. Journal of Physics IV. (7), 523-528.
Gourdin, W.H., Weinland, S.L. and Boling, R.M. 1989. Development of the Electromagnetically Launched Expanding Ring as a High-Strain-Rate Test Technique. Review of Scientific Instruments. 60 (3), 427-432.
Greensmith, H.W. 1960. Rupture of Rubber. VII. Effect of Rate of Extension in Tensile Tests. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 3 (8), 175-182.
Hatt, W.K. and Marburg, E. 1899. Preliminary Report on the Present State of Knowledge Concerning Impact Tests. Proceedings American Society for Testing and Materials.
(1), 27-50.
Hauk, V. and Neumann, W. 1937. A Time Effect in the Rapid Elongation of Rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 12 (3), 518-519.
Haupt, P. and Sedlan, K. 2001. Viscoplasticity of Elastomeric Materials: Experimental Facts and Constitutive Modeling. Archieve of Applied Mechanics. (71), 89-109.
Hoge, K.G. and Wasley, R.J. 1969. Dynamic Compressive Behavior of Various Foam Materials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Applied Polymer Symposium. (12),
97-109.
Holt, W.L. 1931. Behavior of Rubber Under Repeated Stresses. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 23 (12),
1471-1475.
Holt, W.L. 1932. Behavior of Rubber Under Repeated Stresses. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 5 (1), 79-89.
Hoo Fatt, M.S. and Bekar, I. 2004. High-Speed Testing and Material Modeling of Unfilled Styrene Butadiene Vulcanizates at Impact Rates. Journal of Materials Science.
(39), 6885-6899.
Hopkinson, J. 1872a. On the Rupture of an Iron Wire by a Blow. Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. (11), 40-45.
Pamukkale
Hopkinson, J. 1872b. Further Experiments on the Rupture of Iron Wire. Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. (11), 119-121.
Hopkinson, B. 1905. The Effects of Momentary Stresses in Metals. The Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A74, 498-506.
Hopkinson, B. 1914. A Method of Measuring the Pressure Produced in the Detonation of High Explosives or by the Impact of Bullets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. (213), 437-456.
James, A.G., Green, A. and Simpson, G.M. 1975a. Strain Energy Functions of Rubber I: Characterization of Gum Vulcanizates. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. (19),
2033-2058.
James, A.G., Green, A. and Simpson, G.M. 1975b. Strain Energy Functions of Rubber II: Characterizations of Filled Vulcanizates. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
(19), 2319-2330.
Jerrams, S.J., Kaya, M., ve Soon, K.F. 1998. The Effects of Strain Rate and Hardness on the Material Constants of Nitrile Rubbers. Materials and Design. (19), 157-167.
Kainradl, P. and Handler, F. 1960. The Tear Strength of Vulcanizates. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 33 (5),
1438-1481.
Kolsky, H. 1949. An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Materials at Very High Rates of Loading. Proceedings of the Physical Society of London Section B.
62 (11), 676-700.
Kraus, G., Childers, C.W. and Rollmann, K.W. 1966. Stress Softening in Carbon Black-Reinforced Vulcanizates. Strain Rate and Temperature Effects. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. (10), 29-244.
Lambert-Diani, J. and Rey, C. 1999. New Phenomenological Behavior Laws for Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers. European Journal of Mechanics A-Solids. (18), 1027-1043.
Landon,
J.W
. and Quinney, H. 1923. Experiments with the Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A103 (723), 622-643.
Lee, O.S., You, S.S., Chung, J.H. and Kang, H.S. 1998. Dynamic Deformation Under a Modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Experiment. KSME International Journal.
12 (6), 1143-1149.
Lee, O.S., Kim, M.S., Kim, K.J., Hwang, S.W. and Cho, K.S.
2003. Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Rubber Under High Strain Rate Compressive Loading. International Journal of Modern Physics B. 17 (8-9), 1415-1420.
Lee, O.S. and Kim, K.J. 2003. Dynamic Compressive Deformation Behavior of Rubber Materials. Journal of Materials Science Letters. 22 (16), 1157-1160.
Lee, O.S., Lee, J.W. and Kim, S.H. 2005. Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Rubber (NR/NBR) Under High Strain Rate Compressive Loading. Advances in Fracture and Strenght: Key Engineering Materials. 297 (300), 172-177.
Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 16, Sayı 3, 2010
279
V.
Vahapoğlu
Lee, O.S., Kim, S.H. and Lee, J.W. 2006a. Thickness Effect
of Pulse Shaper on Dynamic Stress Equilibrium in the NBR Rubber Specimen. Fracture and Strength of Solids VI: Key Engineering Materials. 306-308, 1007-1012.
Lee, O.S., Cho, K.S., Kim, S.H. and Han, Y. H. 2006b. Dynamic Deformation Behavior of Soft Material Using SHPB Technique and Pulse Shaper. International Journal of Modern Physics B. 20 (25-27), 3751-3756.
Lion, A. 1996. A Constitutive Model for Carbon Black Filled Rubber: Experimental Investigations and Mathematical Representation. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics. (8), 153-169.
Loizou, N. and Sims R.B. 1953. The Yield Stress of Pure Lead in Compression. Journal of the Mechanical Physics of
Solids. 1 (4), 234-243.
Love, A.E.H. 1927. A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity 643s. Cambridge University Press, London.
Love, A.E.H. 1944. A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity 643s Dover, New York.
Marquardt, D.W. 1963. An Algorithm for Least Squares Estimation of Non-Linear Parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. (11), 431¬441.
Meyers, M.A. 1994. Dynamic Behavior of Materials 688s John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Miehe, C. and Keck, J. 2000. Superimposed Finite Elastic-Viscoelastic-Plastoelastic Stress Response with Damage in Filled Rubbery Polymers. Experiments, Modeling and Algorithmic Implementation. Journal of the Mechanical Physics of Solids. 48 (2), 323-365.
Mooney, M., Wolstenholme, W.E. and Villars, D.S. 1944. Drift and Relaxation of Rubber. Journal of Applied Physics.
(15), 324-337.
Mott, P.H., Twing, J.N., Roland, D.F., Schrader, H.S., Pathak, J.A. and Roland, C.M. 2007. High-Speed Tensile Test Instrument. Review of Scientific Instruments. 78 (4),
045105.
Nakajima, N. and Harrell, E. 1983. Strain-Time Correspondence: Critical Examination of the Principle and Its Application to Classification of Gum Elastomers. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 56 (5), 1019-1030.
Ogden, R.W. 1972a. Large Deformation Isotropic Elasticity: On the Correlation of Theory and Experiment for Incompressible Rubber-Like Solids. Proceeding of Royal Society of London: Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 326 (1567), 565-584.
Ogden, R.W. 1972b. Large Deformation Isotropic Elasticity: On the Correlation of Theory and Experiment for Compressible Rubber-Like Solids. Proceeding of Royal Society of London: Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 328 (1575), 567-583.
O'Toole, B. 2003. Identification of Dynamic Properties of Materials for the Nuclear Waste Package. University of Nevada, Technical Report, Document ID: TR-02-007, Las Vegas.
Pamukkale University, Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.
Pochhammer,L.1876.DerFortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeiten Kleiner Schwingungen in Einem Unbegrenzten Isotropen Kreiszylinder. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik. (81), 324-336.
Quintavalla, S.J. 2004. Characterization of the High and Low Strain Rate Behavior of a Filled, Crosslinked Elastomer. Lehigh University, PhD Thesis.
Quintavalla, S.J. and Johnson, S.H. 2004. Extension of the Bergström-Boyce Model to High Strain Rates. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 77 (1), 972-981.
Rao, S., Shim, V.P.W. and Quah, S.E. 1997. Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Elastomers Using a Nonmetallic Hopkinson Bar. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 66 (4), 619-631.
Rinde, J.A. and Hoge, K.G. 1971. Time and Temperature Dependence of Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene Bead Foam. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 15 (6),
1377-1395.
Rivlin, R.S. 1992. The Elasticity of rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 65, G51-G66.
Roland, C.M. 2006. Mechanical Behavior of Rubber at High Strain Rates. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 79 (3),
428-459.
Roth, F.L. and Holt, W.L. 1940. Tensile Properties of Rubber Compounds at High Rates of Stretch. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 13 (2), 348-360.
Shergold, O.A., Fleck, N.A. and Radford, D. 2006. The
Uniaxial Stress Versus Strain Response of Pig Skin and Silicone Rubber at Low and High Strain Rates. International Journal of Impact Engineering. (32), 1384-1402.
Shim, V.P.W., Yang, L.M., Lim, C.T. and Law, P.H. 2004. A
Visco-Hyperelastic Constitutive Model to Characterize Both Tensile and Compressive Behavior of Rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. (92), 523-531.
Smith, T.L. 1956. Viscoelastic Behavior of Polyisobutylene Under Constant Rates of Elongation. Journal of Polymer Science. (20), 89-100.
Smith, T.L. 1958. Dependence of Ultimate Properties of a GR-S Rubber on Strain Rates and Temperature. Journal of Polymer Science. (32), 99-113.
Smith, T.L. 1961. Time and Temperature Dependence of the Ultimate Properties of an SBR Rubber at Constant Elongations. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 34 (3),
897-909.
Smith, T.L. 1962. Nonlinear Viscoelastic Response of Amorphous Elastomers to Constant Strain Rates. Transactions of the Society of Rheology. (6), 61-80.
Smith, T.L. and Dickie, R.A. 1969. Effect of Finite Extensibility on the Viscoelastic Properties of a Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizate in Simple Tensile Deformations up to Rupture. Journal of Polymer Science: Part A-2. (7), 635-658.
Song, B. and Chen, W. 2003. One-Dimensional Dynamic Compressive Behavior of EPDM Rubber. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. 125 (3), 294-301.
16, No. 3, 2010
280
Kauçuk Türü Malzemeler: Şekil Değiştirme Hızı Etkileri
Song, B., Chen, W. and Cheng, M. 2004. Novel Model for Uniaxial Strain-Rate-Dependent Stress-Strain Behavior of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer Rubber in Compression or Tension, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. (92), 1553-1558.
Taylor, G.I. 1946. The Testing of Materials at High Rates of Loading. Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
(26), 486-519.
Taylor, G.I. 1948. The Use of Flat Ended Projectiles for Determining Yield Stress. I: Theoretical Considerations. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Mathematical and Physical Sciences. (194), 289-299.
Tresca, H. 1878. On Further Applications of the Flow of Solids. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. (30), 301-345.
Vahapoğlu, V. 2006. Kauçuk Türü Malzemelerin İnelastik Özelliklerinin Deneysel Olarak İncelenmesi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Trabzon.
Vahapoglu V., Karadeniz, S. and Yazici, I. 2009. Uniaxial Tensile Testing of Rubber-Like Materials. Experimental Techniques. (Baskıda).
Van den Bogert, P.A.J. and Borst, R. de. 1994. On the Behavior of Rubber-Like Materials in Compression and Shear. Archieve of Applied Mechanics. (64), 136-146.
Van Rossem, A. and H. Beverdam, H.
1931
. Tensile Tests of Vulcanized Rubber at High Speed. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 4 (2), 147-155.
Villars, D.S. 1950. Ultra Speed Tensile of Rubber and Synthetic Elastomers. Journal of Applied Physics. 21 (6),
565-573.
Wang, L., Labibes, K., Azari, Z. and Pluvinage, G. 1994. Generalization of Split Hopkinson Bar Technique to Use Viscoelastic Bars. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 15 (5), 669-686.
Wang, L., Labibes, K., Azari, Z. and Pluvinage, G. 1995. Generalization of Split Hopkinson Bar Technique to Use Viscoelastic Bars, International Journal of Impact Engineering. (16), 530-531.
Whiffin, A.C. 1948. The Use of Flat Ended Projectiles for Determining Yield Stress. II: Tests on Various Metallic Materials. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Mathematical and Physical Sciences. (194), 300-322.
Williams, M.L., Landel, R.F. and Ferry, J.D. 1955. The
Temperature Dependence of Relaxation Mechanisms in Amorphous Polymers and Other Glass-Forming Liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 77 (14),
3701-3707.
Yang, L.M., Shim, V.P.W. and Lim, C.T. 2000. A Visco-Hyperelastic Approach to Modeling the Constitutive Behavior of Rubber. International Journal of Impact Engineering. (24), 545-560.
Zabotkin, K., OToole, B. and Trabia, M. 2003. "Identification of the Dynamic Tensile Properties of Metals Under Moderate Strain Rates" 16th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, University of Washington, Seatle, ABD.
Zhao, H. and Gary, G. 1995. A Three Dimensional Analytical Solution of the Longitudinal Wave Propagation in an Infinite Linear Viscoelastic Cylindrical Bar: Application to Experimental Techniques. Journal of the Mechanical Physics of Solids. 43 (8), 1335-1348.
Zhao, H. 1997. Testing of Polymeric Foams at High and Medium Strain Rates. Polymer Testing. (16), 507-516.
Zhao, H., Gary, G. and Klepaczko, J.R. 1997. On the Use of a Viscoelastic Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. International Journal of Impact Engineering. (19), 319-330.
Zhurkov, C.N., Sanfirova, T.P. and Tamashevskii, E.E. 1962. Mechanical Properties of Rubber at High Rates of Elongation, Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 35 (3),
813-817.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com