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Hiponatremi; Güncel Tanı ve Tedavisi

Hyponatremia; Current Diagnosis and Treatment

Journal Name:

  • Türk Nefroloji, Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Dergisi

Publication Year:

  • 2011
DOI: 
10.5262/tndt.2011.1002.02

Key Words:

Keywords (Original Language):

Author NameUniversity of AuthorFaculty of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered in clinical practice. The symptoms of hyponatraemia are largely dependent on the rapidity of the development of hyponatraemia. Acute symptomatic hyponatremia is a serious clinical situation. The pathogenesis of hyponatremia has been found to occur secondary to the nonosmotic secretion of ADH in over 95% of cases. In other words, hyponatremia caused by more water imbalance than sodium imbalance in the majority of cases. Pseudohyponatremia(elevation of lipids or proteins in plasma causing artifactual decrease in serum sodium concentration) and translocational hyponatremia(the additional solutes in plasma such as glucose, mannitol and radiographic contrast agent causing osmotic shift of water from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid) that are not associated excess are excluded on the first step in the differential diagnosis of hyponatraemia. While only fluid restriction is sufficient for treatment of asymptomatic patients, emergency treatment should be given in symptomatic patients. Recently ADH receptor antagonists have been used as an alternative treatment of saline infusion in the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Correction rate of sodium should be 0,5-1mEq/L/h in the treatment of hyponatremia. Rapidly correction should be avoided in hyponatraemia, because it can lead to celebral hemorrhage and central pontine myelinolysis.
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Abstract (Original Language): 
Hiponatremi; klinik uygulamada en sık görülen elektrolit bozukluğudur. Olguların çoğunluğu asemptomatiktir. Klinik belirtileri büyük ölçüde oluşum hızına bağlıdır. Akut semptomatik hiponatremi ciddi klinik bir durumdur. Patogenezde % 95 olguda antidiüretik hormonun (ADH) nonozmotik salgılanmasının sorumlu temel mekanizma olduğu saptanmıştır. Yani olgularının çoğunda neden sodyum dengesizliğinden çok, su dengesizliğidir. Tanıda öncelikle hiponatreminin su fazlasıyla ilişkili olmayan psödohiponatremi (yüksek düzeylerde plazma lipidleri veya proteinleri serum sodyum yoğunluğunu azaltır) ve translokasyonel hiponatremiden (radyografik kontrast madde, glikoz, glisin ve mannitol gibi hiperozmolar maddelerin hücre içinden, hücre dışına ozmotik olarak su kaydırması) ayırımının yapılması gerekir. Tedavide asemptomatik olgularda sadece sıvı kısıtlaması (0,8 L/gün) yeterli olurken semptomatik olgularda acil tedavi (%3’lük hipertonik tuzlu su infüzyonu) yapılması gerekir. Son yıllarda övolemik ve hipervolemik hiponatremi tedavisinde tuzlu su (% 09 NaCl) infüzyonuna seçenek olarak ADH reseptör antagonistleri klinik kullanıma girmiştir. Hiponatremi tedavisinde serum sodyumunu düzeltme hızı 0,5-1 mEq/L/saat olmalıdır. Daha hızlı düzeltilirse santral pontin miyelinolizis ve beyin kanaması oluşabilir. Bu yüzden hiponatremi tedavisi mümkün olduğu kadar yavaş ve kontrollü yapılmalıdır.
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