DOES “TARİH-İ OSMANININ BIR DEVRE-I MUHIMMESI KOSOVA ZAFERI ANKARA HEZIMETI” NARRATE ONE VICTORY AND ONE DEFEAT?
Journal Name:
- Turkish Studies
Keywords (Original Language):
| Author Name | University of Author | Faculty of Author |
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Abstract (2. Language):
Fatma Aliye Hanım is one of the first female authors of Turkish novel. Her attention and activities on women’s rights beside her philosophical, legal and historical texts have attracted great attention in her time. The acquired knowledge and experience at the home of Ahmet Cevdet Pasha, a pasha in the period of Abdul Hamid II, moved her forward several steps ahead from the women of her time. It is also significant that she has contacted to Ahmet Midhat Efendi in her thirties and became almost his student for many years. The work called “Tarih-i Osmaninin Bir Devre-i Mühimmesi Kosova Zaferi Ankara Hezimeti” (1915) written by Fatma Aliye Hanım, in a male dominated era in which historiography was not based on scientific methods yet, is not just a portrait of a historical event. In the years that the Ottomans became smaller and the hot war continued intensely, the well-educated novelist daughter of historian Ahmet Cevdet Pasha began to criticize a period. In the work, the positive characteristics of the sultans who lived in the period of the rise and the faults of the sultans who caused the interregnum period were unrolled. Moreover- tacitly- she pointed the faults of the period that she lived. The work is important as it is not only a noting to the history by a female author but also a determination, criticism and precisions of a novelist.
Fatma Aliye, who has almost dissected the Ankara War, which caused the interregnum period that caused a significant existence phase of the Ottomans and previous establishment phase has deliberately selected this period. The state is in a new struggle for existence and this responsible woman wanted to prove the expansion and dissolution to the reader from the pages of history by means of history that she was good at. Every mistake of Bayezid I was converted to an exemplary lesson for the day the work was written, and every positive attitude of the sultans in the throne before him can be read as a key for gathering strength hereafter.
The mistakes that Fatma Aliye mentioned in her work that caused the decline of the Ottomans can be listed as follows:
- Deterioration of alliance between brothers in the dynastic and the realization of the first murder of brother. (The murder of Shahzade Yakup Celebi by his brother Bayezid I)
-Giving the property of the state as a present to the others voluntarily by the Sultans. (While Murat I did not give even a piece of land as a dowry of his daughter Nefise Sultan, Bayezid I gave a castle and land to the Serbian King Isfehan after his marriage with Princess Melica.)
-The beginning of the despotism of Ottoman sultans, and giving the death sentence of a person, regardless of the order of law.-Waste of Ottoman sultans by wearing silk clothes with golden buttons. (Humans as well as animals dress up with precious stones and clothes in Bayezid’s palace.)
-Detachment of the Ottoman sultans from the wheels of government and the citizens by getting used to drinking and nightlife.
-Getting ahead of nafs love in front of patriotism of Ottoman sultans.
- Avoiding consultation with wise people of Ottoman sultans and their surrender to a few flatterers.
- Being indifference of Ottoman sultans to the requests of his soldiers and people. All these matters appear as deficiencies encountered in Bayezid but not in the three sultans of the establishment through the work. Almost no trouble comes in vain. All victories and defeats depend on the similar causes, for that reason the history should be written carefully and read well.
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Abstract (Original Language):
Fatma Aliye Hanım, Türk romanının ilk kadın isimlerinden biridir. Onun felsefe, hukuk, tarih metinleri yanında kadın hakları üzerine dikkatleri ve faaliyetleri döneminde büyük ilgi görmüştür. II. Abdülhamid dönemi paşalarından Ahmet Cevdet Paşa’nın evinde edindiği bilgi ve tecrübe, onu dönemi kadınlarından birkaç adım öne taşımıştır. Otuzlu yaşlarında Ahmet Midhat Efendi ile irtibata geçmesi ve uzun seneler onun adeta talebeliğini yapması ayrıca önemlidir.
Tarih yazıcılığının henüz bilimsel metotlara dayanmadığı ve erkek egemen bir hüviyet taşıdığı bir dönemde Fatma Aliye Hanım tarafından kaleme alınan “Tarih-i Osmaninin Bir Devre-i Mühimmesi Kosova Zaferi Ankara Hezimeti” (1915) adlı eser, sadece tarihi bir vakanın tasvirinden ibaret değildir. Osmanlı devletinin önemli bir küçülme yaşadığı, sıcak harbin yoğun bir şekilde devam ettiği bu yıllarda tarihçi Ahmet Cevdet Paşa’nın iyi eğitim görmüş romancı kızı, bir dönem tenkidine de girişmiştir. Eserde Osmanlı’ya yükseliş dönemlerini yaşatan sultanların olumlu vasıfları ile fetret devrine sebep olan sultanın hataları göz önüne serilmiş, ayrıca -zımnen- kendi yaşadığı devrin arızalarına işaret edilmiştir. Eser, kadın kalemiyle tarihe düşülen bir not olmak yanında romancı bir kalemin tespit, tenkit ve hassasiyetlerini taşıması bakımından önemlidir.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin mühim bir varoluş evresini oluşturan fetret devrine yol açan Ankara Savaşı ile öncesindeki kuruluş evresini adeta teşrih masasına yatıran Fatma Aliye, bu dönemi boşuna seçmiş değildir. Devlet, yeni bir varoluş mücadelesi içindedir ve bu sorumlu kadın, pek iyi bildiği tarih aracılığı ile yükseliş ve çözülüşü tarih sayfalarından okuyucuya göstermek istemiştir. Yıldırım Bayezid’in her yanlışı, eserin yazıldığı gün için bir ibret vakasına dönüştürülür. Ve onun öncesindeki sultanların her olumlu tavrı, bundan sonra toparlanmanın bir anahtarı gibi okunabilir.
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