You are here

Süt İneklerinin Beslenmesinde Süt Üre Nitrojenin Önemi

Importance of Milk Urea Nitrojen in Dairy Cow Nutrition

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Keywords (Original Language):

Author NameUniversity of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
Urea is a quite small molecule yet and important part of milk component. A large concentration of milk urea show dietary disbalance, potential milk losses and risk of infertility. Milk urea may be used as a management tool to improve dairy herd nutrition and the monitoring the nutritional status of lactating dairy cows. Concentrations of milk urea nitrogen may be used as an indicator of dietary protein excess or deficiency.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Üre, sütün çok önemli ve küçük yapılı bir molekülüdür. Sütteki ürenin büyük konsantrasyonda olması, potansiyel süt kayıplarına, infertilite riskine neden olurken, karma yemde dengesizliğe neden olmaktadır. Süt üre nitrojen değeri, ineklerin sağlığı ve beslenmesiyle ilgili bilgiler sağlaması nedeniyle sürü sağlığı ve besleme ekonomisi açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Süt üre nitrojeni, rasyondaki karbonhidrat ve protein arasındaki dengeyi yansıtır.
27-33

REFERENCES

References: 

Abdouli, H., Rekik, B. and Haddad-Boubaker, A., 2008.
Non-nutritional factors associated with milk urea
concentrations under Mediterranean conditions.
World Journal of Agriculture Science, 4(2):183-188.
Amaral-Philllips, D.M., 2005. Milk urea nitrogen-a
nutritional evaluation tool?.
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AnimalSciences/dairy/exten
sion/nut00029.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15 February 2009.
Anonymous, 1996a. Milk urea nitrogen, Pennsylvania
MUN values.
http://cahpwww.vet.upenn.edu/mun/pa_mun_summ.
htm (1996). Erişim Tarihi: 31 January 2008.
Anonim, 1996b. Üreme.
www.erfa.com.tr/dosyalar/teknik/ureme.pdf . Erişim
Tarihi: 02 January 2009.
Arunvipas, P., VanLeeuwen, J.A., Dohoo, I.R., Kefe,
G.P., 2003. Evaluation of the reliability and
repeatability of automated milk urea nitrogen
testing. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary
Research, 67: 60-63.
Arunvipas, P., Van Leeuwen, J.A, Dohoo, I.R, Kefe, G.P.,
2004. Bulk tank milk urea nitrogen: Seasonal
patterns and relationship to individual cow milk urea
nitrogen calues The Canadian Journal of Veterinary
Research, 68: 169-174.
Arunvipas, P., VanLeeuwen, J.A., Dohoo, I.R., Keefe,
G.P., Burton, S.A., and Lissemore, K.D., 2008.
Relationships among milk urea-nitrogen, dietary
parameters, and fecal nitrogen in commercial dairy
herds. The Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,
72: 449-453.
Ayaşan, T., Yaman, S., 2007. Buzağı, Dana ve Düvelerin
Bakım ve Beslenmesi. S: 87-110. Editör: Aziz
Öztürk. Pratik Sığırcılık. TKB Yaygın Çiftçi Eğitim
Projesi (YAYÇEP), Ankara.
Baker, L.D., Ferguson, J.D., Chalupa, W., 1995.
Responses in urea and true protein of milk to
different protein feeding schemes for dairy cows.
Journal of Dairy Science, 78(11): 2424–2434.
Banks, W., Clapperton, J.L., Muir, D.D., Powell, A.K.,
Sweetsur, A.W. M., 2006. The effect of dietaryinduced
changes in milk urea levels on the heat
stability of milk. Journal of The Science of Food and
Agriculture. 35(2): 165-172.
Buttler, W.R., Calaman, J.L., Bearn, S.W., 1996. Plasma
and milk urea nitrogen in relation to pregnancy rate
in lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science.
74: 858-865.
Carlsson, J., and Pehrson, B., 1993. The relationship
between seasonal variations in the concentration of
urea in bulk milk and the production and fertility of
dairy herds. J. Veto Med. A, 40: 205-212.
Center for Animal Health and Productivity, 2000.
http://cahpwww.nbc.upenn.edulmunlpa_mun_summ.htlm.
Davidson, S., Hopkins, B.A., Diaz, D.E., Bolt, S.M.,
Brownie, C., Fellner, V., and Whitlow, L.W., 2003.
Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary
protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and
excretion in early holstein cows. Journal of Dairy
Science, 86: 1681-1689.
Depatie, C., 2000. Nutritional, managerial, physiological,
and environmental factors affecting milk urea
nitrogen in quebec holstein cows: A field trial.
Master of Sci,
digitool.library.mcgill.ca:8881/dtl_publish/8/30815.html
Donkin, S.S., Pallatin, M.R., Doane, P.H., Cecava, M.C.,
White, H.M., Barnes, E., Koser, S.L., 2007.
Performance of dairy cows fed glycerol as a primary
feed ingredient. Journal of Dairy Science, 90 (Suppl.
1): 350.
Süt İneklerinin Beslenmesinde Süt Üre Nitrojenin Önemi
32
Drackley, J.K., 2008. Opportunies for glycerol use in dairy
diets. Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management
Conference, 11-12 June 2008, p.118.
Eicher, R., Bouchard, E. and Bigras-Poulin, M., 1999.
Factors affecting milk urea nitrogen and protein
concentrations in Quebec dairy cows. Prev. Vet.
Med. 39: 53-63.
Faust, M.A., Kimler, L.H., and Funk, R., 1997. Effects of
laboratories for milk urea nitrogen and other milk
components. Journal of Dairy Science, 80 (Suppl. 1),
206. Abstr.
Flis, S.A, and Wattiaux, M.A., 2005. Effect of parity and
supply of rumen-degrated and undegraded protein
on production and nitrogen balance in Holsteins.
Journal of Dairy Science, 88: 2096-2106.
Frank, B., and Swensson, C., 2002. Relationship between
content of crude protein in rations for dairy cows
and milk yield, concentration of urea in milk and
ammonia emissions. Journal of Dairy Science, 85:
1829-1838.
Guo, K., Russek-Cohen, E., Varner, M.A., Kohn, R.A.,
2004. Effects of milk urea nitrogen and other factors
on probability of conception of dairy cows. Journal
of Dairy Science, 87: 1878-1885.
Gustafsson, A.H, and Carlsson, J., 1993. Effects of silage
quality, protein evaluation systems and milk urea
content on milk yield and reproduction in dairy
cows. Livestock Production Science, 37: 91–105.
Gustafsson, A.H., and Palmquist, D.L., 1993. Diurnal
Variation of Rumen Ammonia, Serum Urea, and
Milk Urea in Dairy Cows at High and Low Yields.
Journal of Dairy Science, 76: 475–484.
Hojman, D., Kroll, O., Adin, G., Gips, M., Hanochi, B.,
and Ezra, E., 2004. Relationship between milk urea
and production, nutritional fertility traits in Israel
dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(4): 1001-
1011.
Hojman, D., Gips, M., Ezra, E., 2005. Association
between live body weight and milk urea
concentration in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy
Science, 88(2): 580-584.
Hutjens, M., and Chase, L.E., 2004. Interpreting milk urea
nitrogen (MUN) values.
http://www.extension.org/pages/Interpreting_Milk_
Urea_Nitrogen_(MUN)_ Values.
Ismail, A., Dab, K., and Hillers, J.K., 1996. Effect of
selection for milk yield and dietary energy on yield
traits; bovine somatotropinand plasma urea nitrogen
in dairy cows. Journ of Dairy Sci, 79(4): 682-688.
Johnson, R.G., and Young, A.J., 2003. The association
between milk urea nitrogen and DHI production
variables in Western commercial dairy herds.
Journal of Dairy Sci, 86(9): 3008-3015.
Jonker, J.S., Kohn, R.A., and High, J., 2002. Use of milk
urea nitrogen to improve dairy cow diets. Journal of
Dairy Science, 85: 939-946.
Kirchgessner, M., Kreuzer, M., and Roth-Mailer, D.A.,
1986. Milk urea and protein content to diagnose
energy and protein malnutrition of dairy cows. Arch.
Animal Nutrition, 36: 192-197.
Laranja, L.F., and Amaral-Phillips, D.M., 2005. Milk urea
nitrogen (MUN). How can you utilize these
numbers.
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/AnimalSciences/dairy/exten
sion/nut00044.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 06 March 2009.
Meeske, R., Botha, P.R., Van der Merwe, G.D., Greyling,
J.F., Hopkins, C., and Marais, J.P., 2009. Milk
production potential of two ryegrass cultivars with
different total non-structural carbohydrate contents.
South African Journal of Animal Science, 39(1): 15-
21.
Melendez, P., Donovan, A., and Hernandez, J., 2000. Milk
urea nitrogen and infertility in florida holstein cows.
Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 459–463.
Ng-Kwai-Hang, K.F., Hayes, J.F., Moxley, J.E.,
Monardes, H.G., 1985. Percentages of protein and
nonprotein nitrogen with varying fat and somatic
cells in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 68:
1257-1262.
Najafi, M.N., Mortazavi, S.A., Koocheki, A., Khorami, J.,
Rekik, B., 2009. Fat and protein contents, acidity
and somatic cell counts in bulk milk of holstein
cows in the Khorasan Razavi province, Iran.
International Journal of Dairy Techn, 62(1): 19-26.
Oltner, R., Emanuelson, M., and Wiktorsson, H., 1985.
Urea concentrations in milk in relation to milk yield,
live weight, lactation number and amount and
composition of feed given to dairy cows. Livestock
Production Science. 12: 47-57.
Promkot, C., and Wanapat, M., 2005. Effect of level of
crude protein and use of cottonseed meal in diets
containing cassava chips and rice straw for lactating
dairy cows. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal
Science, 18: 502-511.
Rajala-Schultz, P.J., Saville, J.A., Frazer, G.S., and
Wittum, T.E., 2000. Association between milk urea
nitrogen and fertility in ohio dairy cows. Journal of
Dairy Science, 84: 482-489.
Ray, D.E., Halbach, T.J., and Armstrong, D.V., 1992.
Season and lactation number effects on milk
productional reproduction of dairy cattle in Arizona.
Journal of Dairy Science, 75: 2976-2983.
Rodriguez, L.A., Stallings, C.C., Herbein, L.H., and
McGilliard, M.L., 1997. Diurnal variation in milk
plasma urea nitrogen in holstein and jersey cows in
response to degradable dietary protein and added fat.
Journal of Dairy Science. 80: 368-3376.
Ropstad, E., Vik-Mo, L., and Refsdal, A.O., 1989. Levels
of milk urea, plasma constituents and rumen liquid
ammonia in relation to the feeding of dairy cows
during early lactation. Acta. Vet. Scand. 30:199-208.
Schepers, A.J., and Meijer, R.G.M., 1998. Evaluation of
the utilization of dietary nitrogen by dairy cows
based on urea concentration in milk. Journal of
Dairy Science, 81: 579-584.
Sederevicius, A., Kabasinskiene, A., Savickis, S.,
Svedaite, V., and Makauskas, S., 2008. Milk urea
nitrogen as an important indicator of dairy cow:
nutrition review. Veterinarjia Ir Zootechnika. 44
(66).
T.AYAŞAN
33
Tallam, S.K., and Wu, Z., 2003. Reducing N excretion
may benefit dairy cow reproductive perforormance.
Dairy Digest.
Thomas, P.C., and Kelly, M.E., 1976. The effect of
frequency of feeding on milk secretion in the
Ayrshire cow. 1. Dairy Res. 43: 1–7.
Velazquez, M., 2000. Udder health and milk composition
with special reference to beef cows. Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences Skara 2000.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of
Animal Environment and Health.
Wambugu, M., Wahome, R.G., Gachuiri, C., Tanner, J.,
and Kaitho, R., 1998. Evaluation of the use of milk
urea nitrogen (MUN) as an indicator of nutritional
status of dairy cattle in smallholder farms in kiambu
district. Paper presented at the Faculty of Vet. Med.
Biennial Conference, Kabete Campus, University of
Nairobi, 5-7 August.
Zhai, S.W., Liu, J.X., Wu, Y.M., Ye, Y.A., and Xu, Y.N.,
2006. Responses of milk urea nitrogen content to
dietary crude protein level and degradability in
lactating holstein dairy cows. Czech Journal Animal
Science, 51(12): 518-522.
Zhai, S.W., Liu, J.X., Wu, Y.M., and Ye, J., 2007.
Predicting urinary nitrogen excretion by milk urea
nitrogen in lactating Chinese Holstein cows. Animal
Science Journal, 78(4): 395-399.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com