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ELLİLİ YILLARDAN GÜNÜMÜZE KALKINMA EKONOMİSİ

Journal Name:

  • İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası

Publication Year:

  • 2001
Author Name
Abstract (2. Language): 
A survey is attempted in this article of the major models and strategies offered and implemented in the developing countries since the 50s to the present day. These models and strategies are also evaluated with respect to their relation to major macroeconomic schools of thought. Since the '50s up to the mid '70s the major development models and strategies offered and implemented can be grouped into: 1) those working with the population growth parameter; 2) ampirical and historical models; 3) those stressing the presence of external economies and the need for balanced growth; 4) those advocating protectionism in foreign trade. Throughout this period most developing countries implemented intensive interventionism, planning and protectionism; but wrong implementations gave negative results. Therefore, since the mid '70s most developing countries shifted to the market economy. This strategy was supported by the IMF and the WB. A group of economists called "structuralists", however, objected on grounds that the structure of developing countries was different and called for the continuation of intensive interventionism and protectionism. In Turkey, the central theme of discussions centered upon the relevance of Classical Quantity Theory vs. Keynesian demand analysis and special production conditions with excess labor and limits to the substitution between capital and labor. The models and strategies offered for the developing countries generally do not make a direct reference to the major macroeconomic systems; the Keynesian System (modern versions: New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian Schools) and the Classical System (modern versions: Monetarism and the New Classical School). This is mainly because the conditions surrounding production and the imperfectly competitive markets in the developing countries are different compared to the developed. Hence, even those economists who advocate market economy for these countries generally do not go as far as advocating the lowering of interventions and protections down to the level presently implemented, say in the USA, and in the EU.
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Abstract (Original Language): 
Bu makalede 50Tİ yıllardan günümüze, dünyada ve Türkiye'de, kalkınma ekonomisi alanında ortaya atılan başlıca modeller, stratejiler gözden geçirilmek­te, bunların nıakroekonomik okullar açısından yerleri araştınlmaktadır. '50'H yıllardan '70'li yılların ortalarına kadar atılan modeller, stratejiler başlıca şu gruplarda toplanabilir: 1) Nüfus artışı parametresi ile çalışan modeller; 2) Ampirik ve tarihsel modeller; 3) Dışsal ekonomiler, dengeli kalkınma model­leri; 4) Dış ticarette korumacılık. Bu dönem boyunca dengeli ve süratli kalkınma için gelişen ülkelerin çoğun­da müdahalecilik, planlama ve korumacılık uygulanmış, fakat yanlış uygulama­lar ters sonuçlar vermiştir. Bu nedenle 70'li yılların ortalarından bu yana "piyasa ekonomisi" tezi egemen olmuş ve IMF ve WB tarafından da desteklenmiştir. Bu teze karşı ise, gelişen ülkelerin bünyesinin özelliklerinden hareketle "bünyeselciler" (structuralists) yoğun müdahalecilik ve korumacılık stratejisin­de ısrarlı olmuşlardır. Türkiye'de bu konuda literatür, Klasik Miktar Teorisinin geçerliliği karşı­sında Keynesgil talep analizi ve emek fazlası ve emek-sermaye arası ikame im­kanlarının darlığına dayanan özel üretim fonksiyonu etrafmda dönmüştür. Fakat öne atılan modeller ve stratejilerde genellikle temel makroekonomik sistemlerle, örneğin Keynesgil Sistem (bu sistemin çağdaş türleri Yeni Keynesgil Okul, Post-Keynesgil Okul), Klasik Sistem (bu sistemin çağdaş türleri Monetarizm, Yeni Klasikler) yakın bir irtibatlandırma yoktur. Çünkü, gelişen ve yeni sanayileşen ülkelerde üretimin ve üretim fonksiyonunun ve piyasalardaki eksik rekabetin şartları farklıdır. Bu nedenle de gelişen ülkeler için "piyasa ekonomisi" taraflısı iktisatçıların çoğunluğu dahi yoğun müdahaleciliğin ve korumacılığın azaltılma­sını önermekle beraber, bunların örneğin ABD, AB düzeyine düşürülmesine kar­şı çıkarlar.
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