You are here

Annelerin-Babaların Çocuklarda ve Ergenlerde Sosyal Yanlı Gelişme İle İlişkili Sosyalleştirme Süreçlerine Etkisi

The Influence of Parents on Socialization Processes Related to Prosocial Development in Children and Adolescents

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Author NameUniversity of AuthorFaculty of Author
Abstract (2. Language): 
This article addresses the relations between parental socialization practices and prosocial behaviors in children and adolescents. Theorists and researchers have suggested that parental support, affection, warmth or responsiveness influences positively socialization processes. Children may attend to and care more about the parental socialization messages in a supportive, warm, responsive and democratic family environment. Parents who exhibit democratic attitudes and behaviors exert control in order to attain expected and desired behaviors for their children. They can induce empathy, perspective-taking and sympathy in their children by pointing out the beneficial or harmful consequences of their actions through inductive reasoning and explanations. Children and adolescents can use prosocial moral reasoning and display prosocial behaviors when they see perspectives of others and experience empathy, guilt and sympathy more vicariously.
Abstract (Original Language): 
Bu makale, anneye-babaya ait sosyalleştirme uygulamaları ile çocuklarda ve ergenlerde sosyal yanlı davranışlar arasındaki ilişkileri ele almaktadır. Teorisyenler ve araştırmacılar anne-baba desteğinin, sevgisinin, sıcaklığının ya da duyarlılığının sosyalleşme süreçlerini olumlu olarak etkilediğini ileri sürmektedir. Çocuklar, destekleyici, sıcak, duyarlı ve demokratik bir aile çevresinde anneye-babaya ait sosyalleştirme mesajlarına dikkat edebilmekte ve bu mesajları önemseyebilmektedir. Demokratik tutum ve davranışlar gösteren anneler-babalar, beklenen ve istenen davranışları kazandırmak için çocukları kontrol etmekte, tümevarımsal akıl yürütme ve açıklamalar yoluyla onların eylemlerinin yararlı ve zararlı sonuçlarına işaret ederek çocuklarda empatiyi, perspektif almayı ve sempatiyi teşvik etmektedir. Çocuklar ve ergenler, diğerinin perspektifini gördüğünde ve daha çok başkası için empatiyi, suçluluğu ve sempatiyi yaşadığında sosyal yanlı ahlaki akıl yürütmeyi kullanabilmekte ve sosyal yanlı davranışlar gösterebilmektedir.
1
17

REFERENCES

References: 

Ainsworth, M. D. S. ve Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development,
American Psychological Association, 46, 333-341.
Arzeen, S., Hassan, B. ve Riaz, M. N. (2012). Perception of parental acceptance and rejection in
emotionally empathic and non-empathic adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical
Psychology, 2, 60-69.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barnett, M. A., Quackenbush, S. W. ve Sinisi, C. S. (1996). Factors affecting children’s, adolescents’,
and young adults’ perceptions of parental discipline, Journal of Genetic Psychology,
157(4), 411-424.
12 Turhan ŞENGÖNÜL...
Mart 2017 Cilt:25 No:2 Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi
Batson, C. D. (1991). The Altruism Question: Toward a Socialpsychological Answer. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use.
Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95.
Bayraktar, F., Sayıl, M. ve Kumru, A. (2009). Liseli ergenler ve üniversiteli gençlerde benlik saygısı:
Ebeveyn ve akrana bağlanma, empati ve psikolojik uyum değişkenlerinin rolü. Türk Psikoloji
Dergisi, 24 (63), 48-63.
Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53,
413- 425.
Bugental, D. B. ve Grusec, J. E. (2006). Socialization processes. In Eisenberg, N. (Ed.), Handbook
of Child Psychology. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. New York: Wiley. pp.
366- 428.
Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M. ve Hayes, R. (2011). The roles of parental inductions, moral
emotions, and moral cognitions in prosocial tendencies among Mexican American and European
American early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 31, 757-781.
Clary, E. G. ve Miller, J. (1986). Socialization and situational influences on sustained altruism. Child
Development, 57, 1358-1369.
Davidov, M. ve Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and
warmth to child outcomes. Child Development, 77, 44-58.
de Vignemont, F. ve Singer, T. (2006). The empathic brain: How, when and why? Trends in Cognitive
Sciences, 10, 435-441.
de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual
Review of Psychology, 59, 279-300.
Dunn, J., Cutting, A. ve Demetriou, H. (2000). Moral sensibility, understanding others, and
children’s friendship interactions in the preschool period. British Journal of Developmental
Psychology, 18, 159-177.
Eisenberg, N. ve Mussen, P. (1989). The Roots of Prosocial Behavior in Children. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Eisenberg, N., Carlo, G., Murphy, B. ve Van Court, P. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence:
A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 911-936.
Eisenberg, N. ve Murphy, B. (1995). Parenting and children’s moral development. In Bornstein, M.
H. (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 227-257.
Eisenberg, N. ve Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial Development. In Eisenberg, N. ve Damon, W.
(Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology. Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. New
York: Wiley. pp. 701-778.
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C. ve Shepard, S. A. (2005). Age changes
in prosocial responding and moral reasoning in adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of
Research on Adolescence, 15, 235-260.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. ve Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In Damon, W., Lerner,
R. M. ve Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional, and personality
development. New York: Wiley. pp. 646-718.
Annelerin-Babaların Çocuklarda ve Ergenlerde Sosyal Yanlı Gelişme İle... 13
March 2017 Vol:25 No:2 Kastamonu Education Journal
Feldman, R. (2007). Mother-infant synchrony and the development of moral orientation in childhood
and adolescence: Direct and indirect mechanisms of developmental Continuity. American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 582-597.
Grusec, J. E. ve Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization
of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology,
30, 4-19.
Hardy, S., Bhattacharjee, A., Aquino, K. ve A. Reed, A. (2010a). Moral identity and psychological
distance: The case of adolescent parental socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 111-123.
Hardy, S. A., Carlo, G. ve Roesch, S. C. (2010). Links between adolescents’ expected parental reactions
and prosocial behavioral tendencies: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of
Youth and Adolescence, 39, 84-95.
Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., Usher, B. ve Bridges, D. (2000). The development of
concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36, 531-546.
Hastings, P. D., Utendale, W. T. ve Sullivan, C. (2007). The socialization of prosocial development.
In Grusec, J. E. ve Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research.
New York: Guilford Press. pp. 638-659.
Haque, A. (1987). Social class differences in perceived maternal acceptance-rejection and personality
disposition among Pakistani children. In Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Eight International
Conference on Growth and Progress in cross Cultural Psychology. Istanbul Turkey:
Swets North America Inc research. Islamabad: Curriculum Wing Federal Education Ministry.
pp. 189-195.
Hoffman, M. L. (1980). Moral development in adolescence. In Adelson, J. (Ed.), Handbook of
Adolescent Psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 295-343.
Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization. In Higgins, E.
T., Ruble, D. N. ve Hartup, W. W. (Eds.), Social Cognition and Development: A Sociocultural
Perspective. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 236-274.
Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice.
Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Janssens, J. M. A. M. ve Gerris, J. R. M. (1992). Child rearing, empathy, and prosocial development.
In Janssens, J. M. A. M. & Gerris, J. R.M. (Eds.), Child Rearing: Influence on Prosocial and
Moral development. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger. pp. 57-75.
Janssens, J. M. A. M. ve Dekovic, M. (1997). Child rearing, prosocial moral reasoning, and
prosocial behaviour. lnternational Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 509-527.
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. ve Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade
portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54 (3), 317-337.
Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E. A. ve Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Individual differences in empathy
among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history. New Directions for Child Development,
44, 51-64.
Kındap, Y., Kumru, A. ve Bayraktar, F. (2006, May). The association between parenting
and ındividual/social outcomes in Turkish early adolescents. Xth EARA Conference,
Antalya, Turkey.
14 Turhan ŞENGÖNÜL...
Mart 2017 Cilt:25 No:2 Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi
Kochanska, G. ve Murray, K. T. (2000). Mother-child mutually responsive orientation
and conscience development: From toddler to early school age. Child Development,
71, 417-431.
Kochanska, G., Forman, D. R., Aksan, N. ve Dunbar, S. B. (2005). Pathways to conscience:
Early mother-child mutually responsive orientation and children’s moral emotion,
conduct and cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 19-34.
Krevans, J. ve Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to
children’s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 3263-3277.
Laible, D. J. ve Thompson, R. A. (2000). Mother-child discourse, attachment security,
shared positive affect, and early conscience development. Child Development, 71,
1424-1440.
Lamborn, S., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L. ve Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence
and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent,
and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065.
Lange, A., Blonk, R. ve Wiers, R. W. (1998). Assessment: The parent-child interactionnaire,
PACHIQ. Clinical Psychology and Psychoterapy, 5, 187-198.
Malti, T., Gummerum, M., Keller, M. ve Buchmann, M. (2009). Children’s moral motivation,
sympathy, and prosocial behavior. Child Development 80, 442-460.
Maccoby, E. E. ve Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parentchild
interaction. In Mussen, P. H. ve Hetherington, E. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Child
Psychology: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development. New York: Wiley.
pp. 1-101.
Miller, P. A., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. ve Shell, R. (1996). Relations of moral reasoning
and vicarious emotion to young children’s prosocial behavior toward peers and adults.
American Psychological Association, 32, 210-219.
Moreno, A., Klute, M. ve Robinson, J. (2008). Relational and individual resources as predictors
of empathy in early childhood. Social Development, 17 (3), 613-637.
Padilla-Walker, L. M. ve Carlo, G. (2004). It’s not fair! Adolescents’ constructions of
appropriateness of parental reactions to antisocial and prosocial situations. Journal of
Youth and Adolescence, 33, 389–401.
Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2008). My mom makes me so angry! Adolescent perceptions of
mother-child interactions as correlates of adolescent emotions. Social Development,
17 (2), 306-325.
Penner, L. A. ve Finkelstein, M. A. (1998). Dispositional and structural determinants of
volunteerism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 525-537.
Pratt, M. W., Hunsberger, B., Pancer, S. M. ve Alisat, S. (2003). A longitudinal analysis
of personal values socialization: Correlates of a moral self-ideal in late adolescence.
Social Development, 12, 563-585.
Annelerin-Babaların Çocuklarda ve Ergenlerde Sosyal Yanlı Gelişme İle... 15
March 2017 Vol:25 No:2 Kastamonu Education Journal
Sheikh, H. ve Haque, A. (1994). Perceived paternal acceptance-rejection and personality
dispositions of girls students of high socioeconomic status reared up in different environment
setting. Proceedings of the ninth international conference Pakistan psychological
association. Role of Psychologist in the New Social Order Lahore: APA IIIyas.
Shen, Y., Carlo, G. ve Knight, G. P. (2013). Relations between parental discipline, empathy-
related traits, and prosocial moral reasoning: A multicultural examination. Journal
of Early Adolescence, 33, 994-1021.
Strayer, J. (2004). Children’s anger, emotional expressiveness, and empathy: Relations
with parents’ empathy, emotional expressiveness, and parenting practices. Social Development,
13 (2), 229-254.
Sunar, D. ve Fişek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. In Gielen, U. & Roopnarine,
J. (Eds.), Families in Global Perspective. Allyn ve Bacon/Pearson. pp.169-183.
Waters, E., Hay, D. ve Richters, J. (1986). Infant-parent attachment and the origins of prosocial
and antisocial behavior. In Olweus, D., Block, J. ve Radke-Yarrow, M. (Eds.),
Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior: Research, Theories, and Issues.
Orlando, FL: Academic Press. pp. 97-125.
Waters, E., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Posada, G. ve Richters, J. E. (1990). Learning to love:
Mechanisms and milestones. In Gunnar, M. ve Sroufe, L. A. (Eds.), Minnesota
Symposia on Child Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 217-255.
Yağmurlu, B., Çıtlak, B., Dost, A. ve Leyendecker, B. (2009). Türk annelerin çocuk sosyalleştirme
hedeflerinde eğitime bağlı olarak gözlemlenen farklılıklar. Türk Psikoloji
Dergisi, 24 (63), 1-15.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M. ve King, R. (1979). Child rearing and children’s prosocial
initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319-330.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E. ve Chapman, M. (1992a). Development
of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126-136.
Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy,
B. C., Cumberland, A. J. ve Shepard, S. A. (2002). The relations of parental warmth
and positive expressiveness to children’ empathy-related responding and social functioning:
A longitudinal study. Child Development, 73, 893-915.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com