INDIAN AND WESTERN PHILANTHROPY BEFORE INCEPTION OF CHRISTIANITY- A STUDY

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_________________________________________________________________________
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Nirvana means, literally, 'a blowing out' as of candle – perfect inward peace – Liberation from mind. As
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The word “dhamma” is used in various senses: noble quality (guna), the teaching (desana), the scriptures
(pariyatti), impersonal states (nissatta), etc.
Theodore Roosevelt Malloch, Being Generous (Templeton Press, 2009), 21.
Almsgiving > Buddhism
Tsongkhapa & Berzin (2001), verse 15.
Anguttara Nikaya, literally 'Increased by One Collection,' also translated 'Gradual Collection' or
'Numerical Discourses' is a Buddhist scripture, the fourth of the five Nikayas, or collection.
'Vipassana & Theravada'
Arnaud C. Marts, Philanthropy's Role in Civilization: Its Contribution to Human Freedom, 5.
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2012), 98.
F. Max MüllerSource, “Buddhist Charity,” The North American Review 140/ 340 (Mar., 1885): 221-236.
Yudit Kornberg Greenberg, Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions, Vol.1(California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.,
2008), 111.
H. D. Vinod, The Oxford Handbook of Hindu Economics and Business, 98.
“Twenty Important Spiritual Instructions”> Charity < www.dlshq.org/ download/20instrch.htm>
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Press, 1999), 189.
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and Modern Contexts (Georgia: Society of Biblical Lit, 2008), 181.
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2001), 55.
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26.
Ivan Van Sertima, “Egypt revisited,”, 17.
Kenneth, "Shujaa" Rice, Pied Piper Effect (Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2009), 43.
Philanthropy in ancient times: some early examples from the Mediterranean .
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32.
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Arnaud C. Marts, 5.
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Leviticus 19:9-10; 23:22; 24: 19-22
Leviticus 19:10
Ruth 2:7
The sabbath year (shmita literally "release") also called the sabbatical year or sheviit (literally "seventh") is
the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah for the Land of Israel.
Deuteronomy 15:1-4, 12-14
Exodus 23: 10-11
Louis E. Newman, The sanctity of the seventh year (Michigan: Scholars Press, 1983), 121.
Exodus 23:10-11
Deuteronomy 15: 7-11; Exodus 22: 25-27
Deuteronomy 15:1-6
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Sirach and Tobit were both written at a similar time and have very similar theological concerns. Sirach dates
from around 190 B.C. Tobit dates from around the same time, perhaps a Little earlier. (Ref: C. Moore, Tobit
(New York: Doubleday, 1996), 40-42).
Tobit 4:7-9
Sirach 29:12-13; 29:11
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F. Max Müller, “Buddhist Charity,” The North American Review 140/340 (March, 1885): 221-236