Buradasınız

ÇOK DÜŞÜK FREKANSLI ELEKTROMANYETİK RADYASYON VE SAĞLIK ETKİLERİ

Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetıc Radıatıon and Health Effects

Journal Name:

Publication Year:

Keywords (Original Language):

Abstract (2. Language): 
There are biologic effects of non-ionizing radiation by means of heating, chemical reaction changes, induction of electric current in cells and tissues. The purpose of the study is to investigate the health effects of extremely low frequencies in the range of 3-3000 Hz. Humans are exposed to electromagnetic fields in changing levels generated by human made sources in addition to static magnetic field of earth in the range 25 - 65μT. Exposure changes depending on living conditions and occupations. In urban environments of different countries, exposure at high levels has been defined. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields has been classified in group 2B which is the category of limited evidence of carcinogenity in humans and insufficient evidence of corcinogenity in experimental animals by The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A large number of studies investigating electromagnetic field exposure and the health effects of it focused on particularly cancer, reproductive health, diseases caused by nevre tissue necrosis and hearth diseases. The most significant one among those is the studies regarding childhood leukemia. According to the general opinion, childhood leukemia risk increases two times by exposure to electromagnetic fields at or above 0,4 μT. The studies signified that inhabitants living close to high voltage power lines are under more health risk. There is a need to develop detailed studies in order to determine the health effects of electromagnetic fields. In order to avoid from exposure to electromagnetic fields, besides urban planning, architectural and electrical projects of the buildings should be prepared by choosing the appropriate and right technology. The exposure should be determined and evaluated and protection programs should be regulated based on legal ground.
Abstract (Original Language): 
İyonlaştırmayan Radyasyonun ısınma, kimyasal reaksiyon değişimleri, hücreler ve dokularda elektrik akımının indüklenmesi yoluyla biyolojik etkileri vardır. Çalışmanın amacı 3-3000 Hz aralığındaki çok düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik radyasyonun sağlık etkilerini incelemektir. İnsanlar yerkürenin 25-65μT arasında statik manyetik alanına ek olarak insan yapımı kaynaklardan değişen seviyelerde elektromanyetik alan maruziyeti altındadır. Maruziyet yaşam koşulları ve mesleğe göre değişmektedir. Değişik ülkelerde kentsel alanda yüksek maruziyet seviyeleri tanımlanmıştır. Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Merkezi (IARC) çok düşük frekanslı manyetik alanı insanda sınırlı kanıta sahip kanserojen ve hayvan deneylerinde yeterli kanserojen olarak tanımlanan grup 2B’de sınıflandırmıştır. Elektromanyetik alan maruziyeti ile sağlık etkilerini inceleyen çok sayıdaki çalışma özellikle kanser, üreme sağlığı, sinir dokusu bozulması ile seyreden hastalıklar ve kalp hastalılarına odaklanmıştır. Bunlar içinde en dikkat çekeni çocukluk çağı lösemileri ile ilgili çalışmalardır. Genel kanı 0,4 μT ve üstündeki maruziyetlerde çocukluk çağı lösemilerinin 2 kat arttığıdır. Çalışmalar yüksek gerilim hatlarına yakın yaşayanlarda sağlık riskinin daha fazla olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Elektromanyetik alanın sağlık etkilerinin saptanması için kapsamlı çalışmalara gereksinim vardır. Elektromanyetik alanların maruziyetinden korunmak için kentsel planlamanın yanı sıra yapıların mimari ve elektrik projelerinin uygun ve doğru teknolojiye göre hazırlanması gereklidir. Maruziyet belirlenmeli, değerlendirilmeli ve korunma programları yasal zeminde düzenlenmelidir.
11-22

REFERENCES

References: 

1. Abel, EL., Hendrix, SL., McNeeley, GS., O'Leary, ES., Mossavar-Rahmani, Y., Johnson, SR., Kruger, M.
(2007) Use of electric blankets and association with prevalence of endometrial cancer, Eur J Cancer Prev,
16(3),243-50.2. Ahlbom, A., Day, N., Feychting, M., Roman, E., Skinner, J., Dockerty, J., Linet, M., McBride, M., Michaelis,
J., Olsen, J.H., Tynes, T., Verkasalo, P.K., (2000) A pooled analysis of magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia,
British Journal of Cancer, 83(5), 692–698
3. Baumgardt-Elms, C., Schumann, M., Ahrens, W., Bromen, K., Stang, A., Jahn, I., Stegmaier, C., Jockel,
K.H. (2005) Residential exposure to overhead high-voltage lines and the risk of testicular cancer: results of a
population-based case-control study in Hamburg, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 78(1),20-26 .
4. Bethwaite, P., Cook, A., Kennedy, J., Pearce, N. (2001) Acute leukemia in electrical workers: a New Zealand
case-control study, Cancer Causes Control, 12(8), 683-9.
5. Blaasaas, K.G., Tynes, T., Lie, R.T. (2004) Risk of selected birth defects by maternal residence close to
power lines during pregnancy, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(2):174-176.
6. Blaasaas, K.G., Tynes, T., Lie, R.T., (2003) Residence near power lines and the risk of birth defects. Epidemiology,
14(1), 95-8.
7. Bracken, M.B., Belanger, K., Hellenbrand, K., Dlugosz, L., Holford, T.R,. McSharry, J-E., Addesso, K.,
Leaderer, B. (1995) Exposure to electromagnetic fields during pregnancy with emphasis on electrically heated
beds: Association with birthweight and intrauterine growth retardation, Epidemiology, 6:263-270.
8. Budak, GG., Budak, B., Ozturk, GG., Muluk, NB., Apan, A., Seyhan, N., (2009) Effects of extremely low
frequency electromagnetic fields on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in rabbits. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol,
73 (3): 429 – 436.
9. Canseven, AG., Coşkun, S., Seyhan, N., (2008) Effects of various extremely low frequency magnetic fields
on the free radical processes, natural antioxidant system and respiretory burst system activities in the heart
and liver tissues, Indian J Biochem Biophys, 45(5):326-331.
10. Canseven, AG., Seyhan, N., Aydın, A., Çevik, C., Işımer, A., (2005) Effects of ambient ELF magnetic fields:
variations in electrolyte levels in the brain and blood plasma, Gazi Medical Journal, 16(3): 121-127.
11. Canseven, AG., Seyhan, N., Mirshahidi, S., Imir, T., (2006) Suppression of natural killer cell activity on
Candida stellatoidea by a 50 Hz magnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med 25 (2): 79 – 85.
12. Davis, S., Mirick, D.K. (2007) Residential magnetic fields, medication use, and the risk of breast cancer,
Epidemiology, 18(2):266-269.
13. Davis, S., Mirick, D.K., Stevens, R.G. (2002) Residential magnetic fields and the risk of breast cancer, Am J
Epidemiol,155 (5), 446 – 454.
14. Draper, G., Vincent, T., Kroll, M.E., Swanson, J., (2005) Childhood cancer in relation to distance from high
voltage power lines in England and Wales: a case-control study, BMJ, 330:1290-1295.
15. Erren, T.C. (2001) A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of electric and magnetic fields and breast cancer
in women and man, Bioelectromagnetics suppl, 5,105-19.
16. Feizi, A.A., Arabi, M.A., (2007) Acute childhood leukemias and exposure to magnetic fields generated by
high voltage overhead power lines-a risk factor in Iran, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 8(1):69-72.
17. Feychting, M., Jonsson, F., Pedersen, N.L., Ahlbom, A. (2003) Occupational magnetic field exposure and
neurodegenerative disease, Epidemiology,14(4), 413-9.
18. Feychting, M. (2005) Health effects of static magnetic fields-a review of the epidemiological evidence, Progress
in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 87, 241-246.
19. Feychting, M., Ahlbom, A., Kheifets, L., (2005) EMF and Health, Annu. Rev. Public Health, 26,165-189
20. Fırlarer, A., Tepeçam, S., Özden, S., Canseven Kurşun, A., Seyhan, N., (2007) YGH ELF-MF Ölçüm Sonuçları:
Uluslararası Yaklaşımlar, Türkiye’deki Durum ve GNRK’nın Önerileri, 19. Ulusal Biyofizik Kongresi
Konferans ve Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 10.
21. Frahm, J., Lantow, M., Lupke, M., Weiss, D.G., Simkó, M. (2006) Alteration in cellular functions in mouse
macrophages after exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 99 (1):168 – 177.
22. Graham, C., Cook, M.R., Riffle, D.W., Gerkovich, M.M., Cohen, H.D. (1998) Nocturnal melatonin levels in
human volunteers exposed to intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 17 (4):263-273.
23. Grajewski, B., Schnorr, T.M., Reefhuis, J., Roeleveld, N., Salvan, A., Mueller, C., Murray, W.E., Conover,
D.L. (1997) Work with video display terminals and the risk of reduced birthweight and preterm birth, American
Journal of Industrial Medicine, 32:681-688.
24. Güler, G., Turkozer, Z., Tomruk, A., Seyhan, N., (2008) The protective effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine and
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on electric field-induced hepatic oxidative stres, International Journal of Radiation
Biology, 84(8):669-680.
25. Güler, G., Seyhan, N., Arcıoğlu, A., (2006) Effects of static and 50 Hz alternating electric fields on superoxide
dismutase activity and TBARS levels in guinea pigs, Gen Physiol Biophys, 25(2):177-193.26. Håkansson, N., Johansen, P., Floderus, B. (2003) Neurodegenerative disease in welders and other workers
exposed to high levels of magnetic fields, Epidemiology, 14:420-26.
27. Harada, S., Yamada, S., Kuramata, O., Gunji,. Y., Kawasaki, M., Miyakawa, T., Yonekura, H., Sakurai, S.,
Bessho, K., Hosono, R., Yamamoto, H. (2001) Effects of high ELF magnetic fields on enzyme-catalyzed
DNA and RNA synthesis in vitro and on a cell-free DNA mismatch repair, Bioelectromagnetics, 22 (4), 260
– 266.
28. ICNIRP. (1998) EMF guidelines, Health Physics, 74, 494-522.
29. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2002) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic
risk to humans, vol 80.
30. Ivancsits, S., Diem, E., Pilger, A., Rudiger, H.W., Jahn, O. (2002) Induction of DNA strand breaks by intermittent
exposure to extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields in human diploid fibroblasts, Mutat Res,
519 (1-2): 1 – 13.
31. Kabuto M., Nitta H., Yamamoto S., Yamaguchi N., Akiba S., Honda Y., Hagihara J., Isaka K., Saito T.,
Ojima T., Nakamura Y., Mizoue T., Ito S., Eboshida A., Yamazaki S., Sokejima S., Kurokawa Y., Kubo O.
(2006) Childhood leukemia and magnetic fields in Japan: a case-control study of childhood leukemia and residential
power-frequency magnetic fields in Japan, Int J Cancer, 119(3),643-50.
32. Karasek, M., Woldanska-Okonska, M., Czernicki, J., Zylinska, K., Swietoslawski, J. (1998) Chronic exposure
to 2,9 mT, 40Hz magnetic field reduces melatonin concentrations in humans, Journal of Pineal Research,
25(4):240-244.
33. Kliukiene J, Tynes T, Andersen A. Residential and occupational exposures to 50-Hz magnetic fields and
breast cancer in women: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 May 1;159(9):852-61.
34. Lai, H., Singh, NP., (1997) Acute Exposure to a 60 Hz Magnetic Field Increases DNA Strand Breaks in Rat
Brain Cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 18:156-165.
35. Li, C., Mezei, G., Sung, F.C., Silva, M., Chen, P.C., Lee, P.C., Chen, L.M., (2007) Survey of residential
extremely-low-frequency magnetic field exposure among children in Taiwan, Environment International, 33:
233-238.
36. Li, D.K., Odouli, R., Wi, S., Janevic, T., Golditch, I., Bracken, T. D., Senior, R., Rankin, R., Iriye, R. (2002)
A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study of Personal Exposure to Magnetic Fields during Pregnancy
and the Risk of Miscarriage, Epidemiology, 13 (1): 9-20.
37. Lowenthal, R.M., Tuck, D.M., Bray, I.C., (2007) Residential exposure to electric power transmission lines
and risk of lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders: a case-control study, Intern Med J,
37(9):614-619.
38. Luceri, C., De Filippo, C., Giovannelli, L., Blangiardo, M., Cavalieri, D., Aglietti, F., Pampaloni, M., Andreuccetti,
D., Pieri, L., Bambi, F., Biggeri, A., Dolara, P. (2005) Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic
fields do not affect DNA damage and gene expression profiles of yeast and human lymphocytes, Radiat Res,
164 (3): 277 – 285.
39. McElroy, JA., Egan, KM., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Anderson, HA., Trentham-Dietz, A., Hampton, JM., Newcomb,
PA. (2007) Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Field and Breast Cancer Risk in a Large, Population-
Based, Case-Control Study in the United States, J Occup Environ Med, 49 (3): 266 – 274.
40. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, (2002) Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with
the Use of Electric Power, http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf/docs/emf2002.pdf (erişim :
27/03/2008).
41. Otto, M., Mühlendahl, K.E. (2007) Electromagnetic fields (EMF): Do they play a role in children’s environmental
health (CEH)? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 210, 635-644.
42. Pala, K., Türkkan, A., Sınmaz,V., (2007) Bursa İlinin Nilüfer İlçesinde Elektromanyetik Kirlilik, XI. Ulusal
Halk Sağlığı Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, 231.
43. Paniagua, J.M., Jiménez, A., Rufo, M., Gutiérrez, J.A. Gómez, F.J. Antolín. A., (2007) Exposure to extremely
low frequency magnetic fields in an urban area, Radiat Environ Biophys, 46: 69-76.
44. Peplonska, B., Stewart, P., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Rusiecki, J., Garcia-Closas, M., Lissowska, J., Bardin-
Mikolajczak, A., Zatonski, W., Gromiec, J., Brzeznicki, S., Brinton, LA., Blair, A. (2007) Occupation and
breast cancer risk in Polish women: a population-based case-control study, Am J Ind Med, 50(2): 97-111.
45. Roda-Murillo, O., Roda-Moreno, JA., Morente-Chiquero, MT., (2005) Effects of Low-frequency Magnetic
Fields on Different Parameters of Embryo of Gallus Domesticus, Electromagn Biol Med, 24(1): 55-62.
46. Röösli, M., Lörtscher, M., Egger, M., Pfluger, D., Schreier, N., Lörtscher, E., Locher, P., Spoerri, A., Minder,
C. (2007) Mortality from neurodegenerative disease and exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields:
31 years of observations on Swiss railway employees, Neuroepidemiology, 28(4):197-206.47. Schreier, N., Huss, A., Röösli, M., (2006) The prevalence of symptoms attributed to electromagnetic field
exposure: a cross-sectional representative survey in Switzerland, Soz Praventiv Med, 51: 202-209.
48. Schüz, J., Grigat, J.P., Brinkmann, K., Michaelis, J., (2001) Residential magnetic fields as a risk factor for
childhood acute leukaemia: results from a German population-based case-control study, Int J Cancer,
91(5),728-735.
49. Seyhan, N., Canseven, AG., (2006) In vivo effects of ELF MFs on collagen synthesis, free radical processes,
natural antioxidant system, respiratory burst system, immune system activities, and electrolytes in the skin,
plasma, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain tissues, Electromagn Biol Med, 25(4):291-305.
50. Straume, A., Johnsson, A., Oftedal, G. (2008) ELF-Magnetic Flux Densities Measured in a City Environment
in Summer and Winter,Bioelectromagnetics 29,20-28.
51. Şeker, S., Çerezci, O. (2000) Radyasyon Kuşatması, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi-matbaası, İstanbul.
52. Tohumoglu, G., Canseven, AG., Cevik, A., Seyhan, N., (2007) Formulation of ELF magnetic fields effects
on malondialdehyde level and myloperoxidase activity in kidney using genetic programming, Comput Methods
Programs Biomed, 86(1):1-9.
53. Touitou, Y., Lambrozo, J., Camus, F., Charbuy, H. (2002) Magnetic fields and the melatonin hypothesis: a
study of workers chronically exposed to 50-Hz magnetic fields, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,
284 (6):1529-1535.
54. UK Childhood Cancer Study Investigators, (2000) Childhood cancer and residential proximity to power
lines, Br J Cancer, 83(11), 1573-1580.
55. Vaizoğlu, S.A., Göçgeldi, E., Tekbaş, Ö.F., Güler, Ç., (2007) Bir Büyükşehir Belediyesi sınırları içinde yüksek
gerilim hatlarına bağlı düşük frekanslı elektromanyetik kirlilik düzeylerinin incelenmesi. XI. Ulusal Halk
Sağlığı Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, 229.
56. Van Wijngaarden, E., Savitz, D.A., Kleckner, R.C., Cai, J., Loomis, D. (2000) Exposure to electromagnetic
fields and suicide among electric utility workers: a nested case-control study, Occup Environ Med,
57(4):258-63.
57. Verkasalo, P.K., Kaprio, J., Varjonen, J., Romanov, K., Heikkilä, K., Koskenvuo, M. (1997) Magnetic fields
of transmission lines and depression, Am J Epidemiol, Dec 15;146(12):1037-45.
58. Wertheimer, N., Leeper, E. (1979) Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer, Am J Epidemiol,
109: 273–284.
59. WHO, (2005) Fact Sheet 296, Electromagnetic fields and public health,
www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/factsheets/fs296/en/).
60. WHO. (1999) What are electromagnetic fields?, http://www.who.int/peh-emf/about/WhatisEMF/en/ (erişim :
27/03/2008).
61. Winker, R., Ivancsits, S., Pilger, A., Adlkofer, F., Rudiger, H.W. (2005) Chrosomal damage in human diploid
fibroblasts by intermittent exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields, Mutation Research,
585:43-49.
62. Winker, R., Ivancsits, S., Pilger, A., Adlkofer, F., Rüdiger, H.W. (2005) Chromosomal damage in human
diploid fibroblasts by intermittent exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields, Mutat Res;
585 (1-2): 43 – 49.
63. Winterfeldt, D., Eppel, T., Adams, J., Neutra, R., DelPizzo, V., (2004) Managing Potential Health Risks from
Electric Powerlines: A Decision Analysis Caught in Controversy, Risk Analysis, 26(6):1487-1502.
64. Wolf, F., Torsello, A., Tedesco, B., Fasanella, S., Boninsegna, A., D’Ascenzo, M., Grassi, C., Azzena, G.B.,
Cittadini, A. (2005) 50-Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields enhance cell proliferation and
DNA damage: possible involvement of a redox mechanism, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1743:120-129.
65. Yamazaki, S., Sokejima, S., Mizoue, T., Eboshida, A., Kabuto, M., Yamaguchi, N., Akiba, S., Fukuhara, S.,
Nitta, H. (2006) Association between high voltage overhead transmission lines and mental health: A crosssectional
study, Bioelectromagnetics, 27(6):473-478.
66. Zaffanella, L. (1993) Survey of residential magnetic field sources, Volume 1: Goals, Results and Conclusions.
EPRI Report No. TR-102759. Palo Alto, CA:Electric Power Research Institute,1-224.
67. Zaffanella, L.E., Kalton, G.W. (1998) Survey of Personal Magnetic Field Exposure Phase II:1000-Person
Survey EMFRAPID Program Engineering Project 6. Oak Ridge, TN: Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.

Thank you for copying data from http://www.arastirmax.com